Life-Changing Science Discoveries
Quantum Theory. Danish physicist Niels Bohr is considered one of the most important figures in modern physics. He won a 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics for his (15)… on the … of an atom and for his work in the development of the quantum theory. Although he helped to develop the atomic bomb, he frequently promoted the use of atomic power for peaceful purposes. Atomic Bomb. The legacy of the atomic bomb (16)…: it successfully put an end to World War II, but … in the nuclear arms race. Some of the greatest scientists of the time gathered in the early 1940s to figure out how to refine uranium and build an atomic bomb. Their work was called the Manhattan Project. In 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Tens of thousands of civilians were instantly killed, and Japan surrendered. These remain the only two nuclear bombs ever used in battle. Several of the scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project later urged the government to use nuclear power for peaceful purposes only. Nevertheless, many countries continue to stockpile nuclear weapons. Some people say the massive (17)… that could result from nuclear weapons actually … countries from using them. HIV/AIDS. In 1983 and 1984, Luc Montagnierof France and Robert Gallo of the United States discovered the HIV virus and (18)… that it was the … of AIDS. Scientists have since developed tests to determine if a person has HIV. People who test positive are urged to take (19) … to … the spread of the disease. Drugs are available to keep HIV and AIDS under control. The hope is that further research will lead to the development of a cure.
15. a) science, purpose
b) research, structure
c) search, particle
d) work, condition
16. a) is mixed, ushered
b) are mixed, ushered
c) is mixed, included
d) mixed, introduced
17. a) destruction, prevents
b) devastion, prevent
c) devastation, prevents
d) deduction, prevails
18. a) determined, cause
b) decides, cause
c) developed, use
d) delivered, sense
19. a) cautions, preventing
b) precaution, prevail
c) powder, prevents
d) precautions, prevent
Translate from Russian into English
20. Наука - это изучение явлений, направленных на выявление основных принципов, применяя научный метод.
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21. Технология – это использование научных открытий.
22. Инженерное дело - область человеческой интеллектуальной деятельности, задачей которой является применение достижений науки, техники.
23. Ученые признают, что наблюдения и научные результаты должны быть "объективными".
24. Эйнштейн совместно с Планком заложил основы квантовой теории.
25. М. В. Ломоносов был первым учёным, который зафиксировал замерзание ртути и наблюдал за атмосферой Венеры во время солнечного затмения.
Translate from English into Russian
26. Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe and how these things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in future.
27. Modern science uses language and concepts that go far beyond the directly and immediately observable, but there must always be logical links and experimental operational links between these concepts and things we can observe.
28. In 1937 American sociologist Read Bain wrote that "technology includes all tools, machines, utensil, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them.
29. Technology not only enhances culture in a creative way; technology can also help to facilitate political oppressions and war via tools such as guns.
30. Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two field
Part III
3.1 Итоговый тест для студентов Образовательной программы (6)
Modern (1) … makes considerable use of … … . Entire (2) … segments of the hull or … will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place. This is known as "block construction". The most modern (3) … pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the … once it is welded together.
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Ship design work, also called (4) … …, may be conducted using a … … basin. Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel. Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate (5) …, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic … structural cracks. Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good (6) … for … have been used. Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists. Brittle fracture of modern vessels continues to occur from time to time because grade A and grade B steel of unknown toughness or fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) in ships' side shells can be less than adequate for all ambient conditions.
1. a) shipbuilding, prefabricated sections
b) ships, combined sections
c) shipbuilding, lee side
d) ships, upper deck
2. a) main deck, bulkhead
b) upper deck, freeboard
c) lower deck, amidships
d) multi-deck, superstructure
3. a) shipfactory, hatch
b) shipenterprise, holds
c) shipyards, hull
d) shipplant, head
4. a) sea architecture, ship form
b) naval architecture, ship model
c) naval style, ship architecture
d) sea model, ship style
5. a) crack collapse, brittle fracture
b) fracture toughness, easy fracture
c) fracture toughness, brittle fracture
d) crack collapse, easy fracture
6. a) properties, ship construction
b) tasks, ship development
c) properties, ship development
d) tasks, ship construction
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