Complete the text with the words in the box
| a) the total energy of the universe b) natural c) volumetric density of energy d) conservation of energy e) consequence f) physics g) outflow of energy h) The law i) constant j) locations |
Conservation of energy
According to (7) … by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must (8)…. equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains (9) ….
Richard Feynman said during a 1961 lecture:
There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing all (10) … phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law—it is exact so far as we know. (11) … is called the conservation of energy. It states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity which does not change when something happens
Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception) are subject to strict local conservation laws as well. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space, and all observers agree as to (12) … in any given space. There is also a global law of conservation of energy, stating that (13) … cannot change; this is a corollary of the local law, but not vice versa.
This law is a fundamental principle of (14) … . As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical (15) … of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their (16) … on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.
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Translate from English into Russian
17. Heat transfer occurs when bodies are at the same temperature.
18. Visible light is simply another form of electromagnetic radiation with a shorter wavelength than infrared radiation.
19. Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita1 and thus offsets some of the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth.
20. Energy usage in transportation and residential sectors (about half of U.S. energy consumption) is largely controlled by individual domestic consumers.
21. Commercial and industrial energy expenditures are determined by businesses entities and other facility managers.
22. National energy policy has a significant effect on energy usage across all four sectors
23. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).
24. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and bio-fuels) accounted for 2.4% grow very rapidly.
Part II
2.1 Итоговый тест для студентов Образовательной программы (5)
1. Teddy’s words made me … uncomfortable.
a) feel b) feeling c) felt d) to feel
2. Mrs. Pottson allowed her guests … in the living room.
a) smoking b) smoke c) to smoke d) smoked
3. Has the secretary come yet? I want to have my papers ….
a) to type b) type c) typing d) typed
4. I watched my cat … with her kittens. I couldn’t tear myself away from that funny sight.
a) played b) playing c) to play d) play
5. Granny didn’t want my Mom … my Dad.
a) marry b) to marry c) married d) marrying
6. Much depends ..... your making a decision at the right time.
a) on b) at c) about d) of
7. We can’t help ..... knowledgeable and industrious people.
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a) to admire b) admiring c) being admired d) admire
8. Why would you suggest ..... her? She can cope with the task all by herself.
a) help b) helping c) to help d) having helped
9. I bound up my … finger with handkerchief.
a) cutting b) cut c) having cut d) have cutting
10. He heard the sound of the radio through the … door.
a) closing b) have closed c) being closed d) closed
11. … a question the teacher was waiting for an answer.
a) Asked b) Asking c) Having been asked d) Having asked
12. A … ball … the server in singles or doubles counts as an out.
a) served, touching b) serving, touched
c) have served, had touched d) had served, having touched
13. The teacher was seen … by the pupils.
a) surrounding b) having surrounded
c) surrounded d) having been surrounded
14. The keys …, the man couldn`t open the door.
a) lost b) being lost c) have been lost d) losing
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