Optimal structure of science. Organizational postulates.
To see how liquids can be made to flow, without being directly heated or touched, you only have to watch a raw egg explode in a microwave oven. Electromagnetic forces can even melt metal at hotter than 1,000 °C. In the Magnetohydrodynamics study group at the Research Centre Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) these complex interactions between electrically conductive liquids and magnetic fields are used to control the flow and solidification processes of liquid metal alloys. The aim is to create optimised production processes for foundries. To analyse the microstructure of the metal, the scientists use an automated system consisting of a high-end microscope and Power Mosaic image recording software that scans large surfaces of the samples in high-resolution single frames and combines these as a precise overall image for quantitative analysis.
In what can be considered the first reputable textbook in the field of Organizational Communication, Communication Within an Organization: The Interpretive Review of Theory and Research, Redding discusses Ten Postulates of Organizational Communication.
1. Meanings are not transferred: This postulate refers more to the receptiveness of the receivers. If a message was not received correctly Redding refers to that as content fallacy. With the concept of content fallacy the sender believes that they are getting through to the receiver just because they, the sender, understand the message that is being sent.
2. Anything is a potential message: This postulate includes both verbal and non verbal cues and messages being received as a message.
3. Input (specifically listening): In his novel,[ dubious – discuss ] Redding discusses how to be a good listener. He utilizes the example of a participative manager listening to his subordinates in an empathetic manner.
4. The message that is received is the one that will bring action: The message that is sent and received is the one that will be acted up on. Redding states that the receiver will reference their personal experiences as a point of reference to act up on the message received.
5. Feedback (Responsiveness and Receptiveness): This postulate deals with feedback within an organization from both managers and subordinates. Feedback receptiveness refers to how much feedback managers welcome from subordinates. Responsiveness refers to how much feedback managers give. Redding also notes that there is a difference between being open, responding, and being receptive to feedback are three separate things.
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6. Cost Factor: Communication requires energy. Redding discusses the formula: efficiency = effectiveness/cost. Ultimately, more communication does not equal more effectiveness.
7. Redundancy: This postulates deals with the repetition of messages and how effective and comprehensive the messages are.
8. Communication Overload: This postulate deals with an individuals limit of processing messages. Messages may not be properly received if too many messages or noise is interfering with reception of messages.
9. Serial Transmission Effect: This postulate refers to change of meaning within a message. This can occur when information is traveling through various people within a network. Messages are liable to get distorted.
10. Organization's Climate: Redding believed that an organization's climate was far more important than its skills or techniques. He even theorized an "Ideal Managerial Climate" which consisted of 5 parts.
a. Supportiveness
b. Participative decision making
c. Trust, confidence, and credibility
d. Openness and candor
e. Emphasis on high performance goals.
Horizontal scheme.
A cooperation agreement between competitors on the same level of commerce. A horizontal scheme violates antitrust law if it involves price-fixing or any other recognized restraint on trade. Violations of laws designed to protect trade and commerce from abusive practices such as price-fixing, restraints, price discrimination, and monopolization. The principal federal antitrust laws are the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act. A purposeful freeze or maintenance of prices that is contrary to the free market.
31. Vertical scheme – is an optimal organizational structure of the science of the 21st century.
One type of vertical scheme is an exclusive-dealing arrangement between a manufacturer and a retailer. For instance, an office supply store promises to only sell paperclips made by a single company. In exchange, the company promises to sell paperclips only to this particular store.
Other vertical schemes can be much more complex. For instance, a producer of crude oil might promise preferential prices to a single refinery. The refinery could convert some of the crude oil into plastic, and promise to sell all of the plastic to a single bottle manufacturer. The bottle manufacturer offers preferential prices to a single beverage company. The beverage company can now mark down its prices on water, outsell its competitors, and make record profits. The beverage company can then lend money to the crude oil producer at no interest to compensate it for the ultra-low prices made available to the refinery. Through various instruments, each party at these different levels of commerce can benefit economically because they are part of the same distribution chain that turns crude oil into the plastic bottles used to store water. Competitors that are excluded from this distribution chain then have an incentive to challenge this vertical scheme in court as a violation of antitrust law.
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