Answer the questions about the text.
A
1. What is the purpose of a gasoline/petrol car engine?
2. What types of internal combustion engines are mentioned in the text?
3. How does an external combustion engine work?
4. What are the advantages of internal combustion engines over external combustion engines?
B
1. On what principle is internal combustion engine based?
2. What strokes does the Otto cycle include?
3. What effect does the crankshaft produce?
4. What happens in the engine during one cycle?
5. What is the character of the motion that comes out of an internal combustion engine?
C
1. How can cylinders be arranged in a multi-cylinder engine?
2. What are the functions of the basic engine parts: a spark plug; valves; a piston; piston rings; connecting rod; crankshaft; sump?
Text 2
Engine Valve Train and Ignition Systems
Word List
| valve train | ряд (цепочка) клапанов |
| Camshaft | распределительный вал |
| overhead cam | верхний кулачок |
| valve lifter | толкатель клапана |
| timing belt/chain | зубчатый ремень привода (распределительного вала) |
| to be in sync | осуществлять синхронные действия |
| Gear | передача |
| ignition system | система зажигания |
| bonnet (Br)/hood (Am) | капот |
Engine Valve Train and Ignition Systems
Most engine subsystems can be implemented using different technologies can improve the performance of the engine. Let’s look at all of the different subsystems used in modern engines, beginning with the valve train.
The valve train consists of the valves and a mechanism that opens and closes them. The opening and closing system is called a camshaft. The camshaft has lobes on it that move the valves up and down.
Most modern engines have what are called overhead cams. This means that the camshaft is located above the valves. The cams on the shaft activate the valves directly or through a very short linkage. Older engines used a camshaft located in the sump near the crankshaft. Rods linked the cam below to valve lifters above the valves. This approach has more moving parts and also causes more lag between the cam's activation of the valve and the valve’s subsequent motion. A timing belt or timing chain links the crankshaft to the camshaft so that the valves are in sync with the pistons. The camshaft is geared to turn at one-half the rate of the crankshaft. Many high-performance engines have four valves per cylinder (two for intake, two for exhaust), and this arrangement requires two camshafts per bank of cylinders, hence the phrase “dual overhead cams.”
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The ignition system produces a high-voltage electrical charge and transmits it to the spark plugs via ignition wires. The charge first flows to a distributor, which you can easily find under the hood of most cars. The distributor has one wire going in the center and four, six, or eight wires (depending on the number of cylinders) coming out of it. These ignition wires send the charge to each spark plug. The engine is timed so that only one cylinder receives a spark from the distributor at a time. This approach provides maximum smoothness.
Answer the questions about the text.
1. What is the function of a camshaft?
2. In what way does the camshaft in modern engines differ from that in older engines?
3. What keeps the valves in sync with the pistons?
4. What does the phrase “dual overhead cams” mean?
5. What is the function of the ignition wires?
6. What characteristic of the engine is aimed at providing maximum smoothness?
Text 3
Engine Lubrication, Fuel, Exhaust and Electrical System
Word List
lubrication смазка
lubrication system система смазки
fuel system топливная система
exhaust system система выпуска (двигателя)
emission control system система контроля за выбросом выхлопных газов
gas tank бензобак
carburetion карбюрация, смесеобразование
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carburetor карбюратор
fuel injector форсунка
port fuel injection впрыск топлива во впускные каналы
direct fuel injection прямой впрыск топлива (непосредственно в камеру)
bearing подшипник
oil pump масляный насос
oil filter масляный фильтр
grit мелкие твердые частицы
exhaust pipe выхлопная труба
muffler глушитель
catalyst катализатор
catalyst converter каталитический нейтрализатор (выхлопных газов)
sensor датчик
oxygen sensor кислородный датчик
actuator привод
battery аккумулятор (аккумуляторная батарея)
alternator генератор переменного тока
windshield wipers очистители ветроиого стекла (дворники)
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