Translate the following words with the suffixes multi-, inter-, intra-.
multi (много):
multicellular, multimembraneous, multicoloured, multinational;
inter (меж-, между-):
intercellular, international, interaction, interstinal;
intra (внутри-):
intramuscular, intravenous, intramolecilar, intracellular.
Memorize the plural forms of the following nouns of foreign origin.
| ед.ч. -us | мн.ч. -i | |
| stimulus | - стимул | stimuli |
| fungus | - гриб | fungi |
| nucleus | - ядро | nuclei |
| bacillus | - бацилла | bacilli |
| ед.ч. -a | мн.ч. -ae | |
| amoeba | - амеба | amoebae |
| larva | - личинка | larvae |
| vertebra | - позвонок | vertebrae |
| ед.ч. -um | мн.ч. -a | |
| cranium | - череп | crania |
| bacterium | - бактерия | bacteria |
Change the following underlined nouns into plural forms.
1. A (bacterium) produces spores. 2. A (stimulus) can be physical, chemical or electrical in nature. 3.The (nucleus), situated in the centre of the cell, is spherical. 4. A (vertebra) consists of a body and an arch (дуга). 5. An (amoeba) reproduces by simple division. 6. A (Fungus) enters the animal body through food and water.
Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
это приводит к развитию, кровяная клетка, живые организмы, электронный микроскоп, однокле-точный, межклеточное вещество, способ существования, многоклеточный, мышечная ткань, вну-триклеточные процессы, определенная функция, многоклеточные организмы, масса протоплазмы, жизненно важная функция, невидимый канал, относительно простое вещество, посредством.
Find in the text English equivalents of the Russian sentences.
1. Структура клетки, как раньше считали, была относительно простой. 2. Каждая клетка выполняет определенную функцию. 3. Электронный микроскоп изменил наше представление о строении живой клетки. 4. Протоплазма клетки содержит белки, жиры, углеводы, витамины, соли и воду. 5. В живой клетке существует более 100000 химических веществ. 6. Жизнь – это способ существования белковых тел.
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Answer the following questions.
1. What is single-celled (many-celled) organism? 2. What single-celled (many-celled) organisms do you know? 3. What is tissue? 4. What characteristics of life do cells possess? 5. What do you know of the structure of living cell? 6. What does the protoplasm of cell contain?
Lesson 2. Tissues
Word List А
| 1. according to | - согласно, в соответствии с |
| 2. attach | - прикреплять, присоединять |
| 3. bundle | - пучек, узел |
| 4. cartilage | - хрящ |
| 5. column | - столб, колонка |
| 6. cord | - связка, тяж, шнур |
| 7. enormous | - громадный, огромный |
| 8. distinguish | - различать, отличать |
| 9. envelope | - оболочка |
| 10. flat | - плоский |
| 11. fluid | - жидкость |
| 12. internal | - внутренний |
| 13. shape | - форма |
| 14. slender | - тонкий |
| 15. smooth | - гладкий |
| 16. stratified | - слоистый, многослойный |
| 17. striated | - полосатый, поперечно полосатый |
| 18. to be composed | - состоять |
Read and translate the text.
TISSUES
There are four major groups of tissues: epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues and nerve tissues.
Epithelial tissues. This tissue has the shape of cellular membranes which cover the surface and the internal cavities of the body.
Morphologically epithelia are classified according to the shape of the cells, and their arrangement. According to the shape of the cells, there are flat, columnar, cubical epithelia. According to arrangement of the cells there are simple and stratified epithelia.
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Connective tissues. They are subdivided, into trophic tissues and supporting tissues.
There are two categories of connective tissues: the connective tissues (fibrous tissues concerned primarily with connecting one part of the body to another) and the supporting connective tissues (cartilage and bone). Unlike epithelium, the various connective tissues are characterized by the enormous development of the intercellular substance.
Muscle. Muscle tissue is differentiated into three types: smooth (or visceral), skeletal (or striated), and cardiac. The shape of smooth muscle varies according, to the organ containing the muscle; for example, very long and slender in the walls of the intestine, or short and thick in the walls of small arteries.
Smooth muscle is not is richly supplied with blood vessels as skeletal or cardiac muscle.
Skeletal muscle in attached to the skeleton. The attachment may be by a thin layer of periosteum or by longer cords the tendons.
Skeletal muscle tissue forms the "flesh" of the body. Cardiac muscle tissue composes the wall of the heart and resembles skeletal muscle in structure. Its action, however is involuntary.
Nerve tissues. This tissue functions to conduct nerve impulses. Each nerve cell or neuron consists of an enlarged portion, the cell body, from which two or more fibres extend. These fibres are of two types: dendrites which conduct impulses toward the cell body, and exons, which conduct impulses away from the cell body. Neurons occur in many sizes and shapes.
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