Outline of the lecture
1. Characteristic of the primitive society.
2. Stages of the primitive society.
3. Historical monuments of the primitive society.
The brief content of the lecture: The problem of the origin of the modern human being and the most ancient stages of his development in the Stone Age according to the scientists terminology in one of the complex problem of the science.
The modern genetics came to conclusion, that labor played the decisive role in the evolution of man. The other factors – biological and social, participated in the process of anthropogenesis. Man is differed from the animal by his knowing how to work and how to make the labor instruments. The first instruments made from stone by man gave the name to the Stone Age, the early and longest period of the history.
By the beginning of the XX century the following division of the Stone Age into periods was established:
1. Paleolithic
Ancient Paleolithic:
Doshell – 2,5 mln.- 800 th. B.C.
Shell, Ashell - 800-140 th. B.C.
2. Middle Paleolithic
Upper Ashell and Mousterian period – 140-40 th. B.C.
3. Upper Paleolithic
40-10 th. B.C.
II. Mesolithic XII-V th. B.C.
III. Neolithic V-II th. B.C.
The first man on the territory of Kazakhstan appeared about 700-500 th. years ago during the Paleolithic Age. The earliest man lived near rivers Isym, Chu, Betpak-Dala. On the banks of the Arystandy River the most ancient stone instruments were discovered. The more numerous sites of the late times were Shabakty, Temirkazgan, and Borykazgan etc. The hand bifaces (hand axes), points more than 5 th. various flint instruments were collected there.
During the Mousterian epoch the method of production of stone instruments developed. Among the Mousterian sites discovered in the Karatau, one was situated in Karasai, on the right bank of the Arystandy River. The enormous concentration of the flint and chalcedony hand-mades were revealed and wild animals bones and charcoal were found. The finds of the Mousterian instruments are known in the middle flow of the Sarysu River in Central Kazakhstan and Priirtyshie.
Neolithic. The Neolithic hunters, fishermen and collectors lived in Pri-Ural and Irtysh. The natural environment of that time was almost the same as in our days. The technology of working up of stone in the epoch of Neolithic achieved the highest level; people learned how to saw and polish the stone and make the mini stone-blades (micro-lit). The durable crockery ceramics were made with help of baking by Neolithic people.
In the epoch of Upper Neolithic and Eneolithic one more important event was happened in the life of people. The animals have been domesticated and became domestic animals. People began to be occupied with farming.
The appearance of the beginnings of mining, mastery of metals, soft-ones – copper, gold, lead took place.
During the Neolithic Age the family communes with Matriarchy appeared. At the Neolithic the earliest men began to use fire and make work tools from metal – at first it was copper, then bronze.
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