Lecture 9-10: Kazakh Khandom in XV-XVII cc.
The objective of the lecture: To show the reasons of the foundation of Kazakh Khandom, territory, population, activity of Kazakh Khans in XV-XVII cc... Ethnogenesis of Kazakh people. Term “Kazakh”. Relationships of Kazakh Khans with neighbor states. Struggle for Syrdarya towns.
Outline of the lecture:
1. Foundation of the Kasakh Khandom.
2. Kazakh Khandom in the end of the XV c.
3. Kazakh Khandom in the XVI c.
4. Kazakh Khandom in the XVII c.
The territory of Kazakh Khandom. Kazakh Khandom occupied the territory lesser, than the territory of settling of Kazakhs in the different periods of existence (XV-XVII c.). For example, Zain ad-Din-Vasiphi in his work “Badai al-vakai” wrote, that Kazakhstan ёoccupied the territory between Shu and Talas (period of khanes Zhanibek and Kerey).
Author of “Nikhman name-i-Bukhara” wrote that the Kazakhs settled from Edil to Syrdarya. According to Russian sources “Knige Bolshomu Chertezhu” (XVII c.) Kazakhs settled along the middle flow of Syrdarya and in Sarysu, near the Ulytau (Sary-Arka).
Foundation of Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan, and Nogai Horde had the great meaning in the forming of Kazakh statehood. These statehoods had many commons: organization of ulus system, structure of Khan Power, organization of military forces, taxation and so on.
Ak-Horde, Khanate of Abulkhair, Mogulistan and Nogai Horde prepared conditions for genesis of Kazakh people, for consolidated Kazakh, nogai, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Uigur peoples.
Khanes Zhanibek and Kerey. The concrete course of Kazakh Khanate forming was connected with an inside, political situation of two states – Abulkhair Khanate and Mogulistan. The Shingizides dissension weakened Abulkhair’s Khanate and his fought with his enemies couldn’t consolidate the khan’s power. Sultans Zhanibek and Kerey quarreled with Abulkhair and struggled against the Shaibanides for restoration of power of Ak-Horde khan’s dynasty. According to historical chronicles Zhanibek and Kerey were closed relatives. Both of them had a right on power. Zhanibek was a son of last ruler of Ak-Horde Barak-Khan. Kerey was elder, than Zhanibek.
Zhanibek and Kerey, having united tribal groups of nomad and semi nomad population of Dasht-i-Kipshak, which were depending on them, moved to the territory of Western Zhetysu in Mogulistan in the form of protest in 1459-1460. Esen-Buka, the ruler of Mogulistan united with the Kazakh leaders, hoping with their help to guarantee security of Mogulistan’s frontiers against Abulkhair, the Timurides, Kalmyks territorial claims.
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In 40-50-s of XV c. Zhanibek and Kerey occupied the territories of southern Kazakhstan, lower Syrdarya, and nothern Turkestan. Suzak, Sygnak, Sauran and other fortress belonged to Zhanibek and Kerey. Tribes, which supported Zhanibek and Kerey couldn’t move in steppe regions, and Abulkhair tribes couldn’t move to lower Syrdarya and Karatau.
In 20-s years of XV c. Oirats invaded to Zhetisu. In 1457 Abulkhair was defeated by Oirats and Abulkhair conclude shameful treaty.
In 1462 after Esen-Buka’s death in Mogulistan the total anarchy came in fact. Attempts of the Mogul rulers to seize the important economic and strategic Syrdaria towns in the south of Kazakhstan didn’t change the general political situation; their power in Zhetysu was growing weaker. In these conditions foundation of the Kazakh Khanate in the valleys of the Shu and Talas rivers was quite natural act.
East Turkestan historian Mukhammed Khaidar Dulaty in his work “Tarihi-Rashidi” dated the time of forming of Kazakh Khanate in 1466. Abulkhair’s aspiration to prevent forming of the Kazakh Khanate and strengthening of Zhanibek and Kerey were vain. The number of tribes, which were dependent on Zhanibek and Kerey, had been increasing, particularly after Abulkhair’s death in 1468, so that the number of the people, which gathered near them, reached 200000 men.
Sources tell us about active foreign policy of the first Kazakh Khans, directed to widening of the khanates territory and becoming firmly established their power over the Syrdarya towns and the steppe regions of the Eastern Dasht-i-Kipshak.
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