Tsiolkovsky - Founder of Astronautics

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 3 из 4Следующая ⇒

1.Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, the founder of astronautics, was born in 1857, in the village of Izhevsk. When he was ten he had scarlet fever, and was left permanently deaf. This had a great influence on his life.

2.When Tsiolkovsky reached the age of fifteen he began to study elementary mathematics. At about this time he first thought of constructing a large balloon with a metallic envelope (с металлической оболочкой). Realizing that his knowledge was not enough, he began to study higher mathematics. The result was that he became a mathematics and physics teacher.

3.Tsiolkovsky carried out experiments on steam engines for a time, but then he returned to the theoretical study of the metallic dirigible. In 1887 his first published paper on the dirigible appeared. Mendcleycv was interested in this work and helped Tsiolkovsky.

4.He had not given up his idea about space travel. A popular report on this subject was published in 1895. Tsiolkovsky's idea of a spaceship was based on the use of liquid fuels.

5 During the next fifteen years Tsiolkovsky published several articles and books dealing with the mathematical theory of rocket flights and space travel. His calculations were used in modern theory of cosmonautics and practical space flights. They showed that it would be possible to travel out into space in rockets and even to set up manned space stations around the Earth.

V . Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What kind of education did Tsiolkovsky get and why?

1.Tsiolkovsky didn't get higher education because he was almost deaf.

2.He studied higher mathematics for he thought of constructing a large balloon with a metallic envelope.

3.Tsiolkovsky studied elementary mathematics.

Вариант 4

I . Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.

Переведите предложения на русский язык. В двух последних предложениях данного задания обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory 2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists. 3. The buildings for the hospital and a new department store were constructed two years ago. 4. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

II . Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув в них Participle I и Participle II, и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, являются ли эти причастия определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Natural rubber is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled. 2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound. 3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom. 4.He referred to experimental results while explaining the phenomenon.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнув в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Heat can be divided into three different types. 2. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements. 3. The existence of an X-ray laser in the future may be possible.

IV . Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста.
Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й, 2-й, 4-й абзацы текста.

Mikhail Lomonosov

1.Mikhail Lomonosov was born in 1711 in the family of a fisherman not far from Archangelsk. When he was ten years old his father began to take him sea fishing. The dangerous life of a fisherman taught him to observe the natural phenomena more closely. During long winter nights young Lomonosov studied letters, grammar and arithmetic.

2.Being the son of a peasant he was refused admission to the local school. After some years, concealing his peasant origin, he gained admission to the Slovanic - Greek - Latin Academy. The noblemen's sons studying with him made fun оf the twenty -year - old giant who in spite of his poverty, made rapid progress.

3. After 5 years came the chance of entering the Academy of Sciences. His ability and diligence attracted the attention of the professors and as one of the ее best students he was sent abroad. He spent all the time there studying the works of leading European scientists in chemistry, metallurgy, mining and mathematics. On his return to Russia in 1745 he was made a professor and was the first Russian scientist to become a member of the Academy of Sciences.

4. Lomonosov has no equal m Russian science. Many of his ideas and discoveries only won recognition in the nineteenth century. He was the first to discover the vegetable origin of coal, and as poet and scientist he played a great role in the formation of the Russian literary language. He died in 1765. His living memorial is the Moscow University, which he founded in 1755.

V . Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос :

Why was he able to enter the Academy of Sciences?

1. His ability and diligence attracted the attention of the professors.

2. He spent all the time abroad studying the works of European scientists.

3. He was the first Russian scientist to become a member of the Academy of Sciences.

Вариант 5

I . Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол - сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В двух последних предложениях данного задания обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

1.Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day. 2. Astronomers find that the day is increasing by 0,002 seconds each century. 3. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons. 4. As a rule one great discovery is generally followed by numerous others.

1. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.

2. One can use several modern devices while detecting and measuring radioactivity.

3. Mailer consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

4. Scientists know the devices used to detect the presence of radioactivity.

III . Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркнув в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. То measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments. 2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician. 3. We can think of heat as a special form of energy.

IV . Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й, 3-й, 4-й абзацы текста.

Isaac Newton

Isaac [ ], Descartes [ ]

1.Isaac Newton, the man of powerful mathematical ability, was born in a family of a farmer in 1642. The early days of Isaac's life were rather unhappy. The child was so weak and slow - wilted that his grandmother didn't send him to school till the boy was twelve. While at school and later at Cambridge Newton studied with no particular distinction, though he was extremely skillful in making models, mechanical toys, sun clocks and so on.

2.His first tutor in science and the man who impressed Isaac most by his great charm and popularity was Descartes. Descartes was able to concentrate the most advanced scientific ideas of this time widely ranging from philosophy to many fields of exact sciences including physics.

3.The law of inertia, now familiar as Newton's first law of motion made it possible to calculate the motions of matter by means of the laws of dynamics. In Newton's law of gravitation a change of velocity in amount or direction or both was found. The basic idea of dynamics, the equations of motion, the ideas of inertia, of mass and of acceleration were applied by Newton to large bodies like the Earth and the Moon to explain the structure and (he motion of the Universe.

4.Newton was personally an extremely odd (эксцентричный ) character. He never married. He was very self- critical, but this made him even more resentful of the criticism of other people. In 1684 Newton got a prize for the solution of the body motion problem.

V . Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите помер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос :

Why did Descartes impress Newton most?

1. He had great charm and popularity.

2. He was Newton's first tutor in science.

3 Descartes was able to concentrate the most advanced scientific ideas.

Контрольное задание З

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.

2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего, составной части сказуемого, определения, обстоятельства цели.

5. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных
придаточных предложениях.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. I) Present Perfect Passive

Дата добавления: 2021-01-21; просмотров: 244; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

Поделиться с друзьями:

⇐ Предыдущая 1 234 Следующая ⇒

Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!