Task 3. Match the following words and word combinations.
| 1. programming | a. cамоосвіта |
| 2. electronic equipment | b. політична економіка |
| 3. graduates | c. організація виробництва |
| 4. applied mathematics | d. кібернетика |
| 5. cybernetics | e. програмування |
| 6. microelectronics | f. електронне обладнання |
| 7. self-education | g. випускники |
| 8. organization of production | h. мікроелектроніка |
| 9. political economy | i. прикладна математика |
Task 4. Combine the words and translate the word combinations into Ukrainian:
| 1. metal- | a. motors |
| 2. sea-going | b. -designer |
| 3. forge | c. excavator |
| 4. rolling | d. -cutting lathes |
| 5. electric | e. instruments |
| 6. steam and hydraulic | f. vessels |
| 7. measuring | g. presses |
| 8. high power | h. turbines |
| 9. engineer | i. equipment |
| 10. radio | j. mills |
Task 5. Find the derivatives of the following verbs in the text ‘Engineer’:
to measure, to produce, to give, to operate, to improve, to compute, to graduate, to study, to take, to educate.
UNIT 2
METALS
Metals are materials most widely used in industry because of their properties. The study of the production and properties of metals is known as metallurgy.
The separation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals are dense. The atoms are arranged regularly and can slide over each other. That is why metals are malleable (can be deformed and bent without fracture) and ductile (can be drawn into wire). Metals vary greatly in their properties. For example, lead is soft and can be bent by hand, while iron can only be worked by hammering at red heat.
The regular arrangement of atoms in metals gives them a crystalline structure. Irregular crystals are called grains. The properties of the metals depend on the size, shape, orientation, and composition of these grains. In general, a metal with small grains will be harder and stronger than one with coarse grains.
Heat treatment such as quenching, tempering, or annealing controls the nature of the grains and their size in the metal. Small amounts of other metals (less than 1 per cent) are often added to a pure metal. This is called alloying and it changes the grain structure and properties of metals.
All metals can be formed by drawing, rolling, hammering and extrusion, but some require hot-working, Metals are subject to metal fatigue and to creep (the slow increase in length under stress) causing deformation and failure. Both effects are taken into account by engineers when designing, for example, airplanes, gas-turbines, and pressure vessels for high-temperature chemical processes. Metals can be worked using machine-tools such as lathe, milling machine, shaper and grinder.
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The ways of working a metal depend on its properties. Many metals can be melted and cast in moulds, but special conditions are required for metals that react with air.
Add to your active vocabulary:
property — властивість
metallurgy — металургія
separation — розділення
dense — щільний
arrangement — розташування
regularly — регулярно, правильно
to slide — ковзати
malleable — ковкий, здатний деформуватися
bent — гнути
to fracture — ламати
ductile — еластичний, ковкий
to draw — волочити, тягнути
wire — дріт
lead — свинець
iron — залізо, чавун
grain — зерно
to depend — залежати
size — розмір, величина
shape — форма, формувати
composition — склад
coarse — грубий, крупний
treatment — обробка
quenching — закалка
tempering — відпуск після закалки, нормалізація
annealing — відпал, відпуск
rolling — прокатка
to hammer — кувати (напр. молотом)
extrusion — екструзія
metal fatigue — втома металу
creep — повзучість
stress — тиск, напруження
failure — пошкодження ,порушення
vessel — сосуд, котел, судно
lathe — токарний верстат
milling machine — фрезерний верстат
shaper — строгальний верстат
grinder — шліфувальний верстат
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to melt — плавити, розплавлятися
to cast — відливати, лити
mould — форма (для виливки)
General understanding:
1. What are metals and what do we call metallurgy?
2. Why are most metals dense?
3. Why are metals malleable?
4. What is malleability?
5. What are grains?
6. What is alloying?
7. What is crystalline structure?
8. What do the properties of metals depend on?
9. What changes the size of grains in metals?
10. What are the main processes of metal forming?
11. How are metals worked?
12. What is creeping?
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