The isolated danger buoy indicates the position of an isolated danger, contrary to cardinal buoys which indicate a direction away from the danger.
Порт. Port
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:
| 1. | navigable water | судовой ход с гарантированными глубинами |
| 2. | shelter | убежище |
| 3. | longshoreman | портовой грузчик, рабочий |
| 4. | forklift | устройство грузозахватное, вильчатый погрузчик |
| 5. | to feature | отличать(ся), характеризовать(ся) |
| 6. | intermodal transportation | операции, осуществляемые смежными / различными видами транспорта |
| 7. | customs | таможня |
| 8. | to dock | вводить судно в док, находиться в доке |
| 9. | to debark = disembark pilot | высаживать лоцмана |
| 10. | ocean-going vessel | судно неограниченного морского плавания |
| 11. | shallow-draft vessel | судно с малой осадкой, мелкосидящее судно |
| 12. | inbound/ outbound ships | прибывающие/уходящие суда |
| 13. | to clear a vessel in | оформить приход судна |
| 14. | inwards/outwards | приход и уход (судна) |
| 15. | auxiliary service fleet | вспомогательный обслуживающий флот |
| 16. | traffic control service | диспетчерская служба |
| 17. | gantry crane | портовый кран |
| 18. | to proceed продолжить движение после остановки | |
| 19. | transshipment | перегрузка, перевалка (с одного на другое судно) |
| 20. | to put into operation | вводить в эксплуатацию |
| 21. | depot/warehouse | склад и складское помещение |
| 22. | waterway; seaway | водный путь; открытое море |
| 23. | heavylifts/oversize cargo | тяжеловесный груз |
| 24. | dry bulk cargo | сухой навалочный/насыпной груз |
| 25. | bulk cargo | навалочный/насыпной груз |
| 26. | to contest | соревноваться, бороться |
| 27. | to evaluate | оценивать |
| 28. | to claim | требовать, заявлять |
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Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.
Port
A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger and more economical ships.
Ports often have cargo handling equipment, such as cranes (operated by longshoremen) and forklifts for use in loading ships. Some ports feature canals, which allow ships further movement inland water access. Access to intermodal transportation, such as trains and trucks, are critical to a port, so that passengers and cargo can also move further inland beyond the port area. Ports with international traffic have customs facilities. Harbour pilots and tugboats may maneuver large ships in tight quarters when near docks.
Merchant seaports are intended to perform economic and administrative functions. Seaports are economically responsible for loading and discharging, servicing of inbound/outbound domestic and foreign ship’s transportation, forwarding and warehousing operations and servicing of deep-sea vessels’ passengers. There are several administrative functions to be performed by seaports, they are to ensure safe navigation and proper order within the port, including supervision for registration of vessels and clearance of vessels inwards and outwards.
It should be mentioned that the terms "port" and "seaport" are used for different types of port facilities that handle ocean-going vessels, and river port is used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow-draft vessels. Some ports on a lake, river, or canal have access to a sea or ocean, and are sometimes called "inland ports".
The world's busiest port is contested by several ports around the world, as there is as yet no standardized means of evaluating port performance and traffic. For the past decade, the distinction has been claimed by both the Port of Rotterdam and the Port of Singapore. The former based its measurement on cargo tonnage handled (total weight of goods loaded and discharged), while the latter ranked in terms of shipping tonnage handled (total volume of ships handled). Since 2005, the Port of Shanghai has exceeded both ports to take the title in terms of total cargo tonnage.
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Exercise 3. Give brief answers to the following questions:
1. What are merchant sea ports intended for? 2. How is the place for a port chosen? 3. What do you know about cargo handling equipment? 4. What is the advantage of the intermodal transportation from your point of view? 5. What is the function of the tugboat (tug)? 6. How can the pilot help to navigate a ship within the port? 7. How many types of ports do you know?
Exercise 4. Give equivalents:
· in Russian: оформлять приход судна, скоропортящийся груз, диспетчерская служба, обеспечивать, прибывающее судно, разгрузка судна, насыпной груз, смежные транспортные средства, производительность линии, холодильные и морозильные установки, обработка груза, береговое грузовое оборудование, глубоководный морской торговый порт, портальный кран, введенный в эксплуатацию причал, внутренний рейд, погрузчик, мощность комплекса, подвижный мостовой кран, перегрузочные средства, грузооборот судна, оборудованный железнодорожными путями терминал, хранилище, пирс, быть снабженным, глава порта, причал;
· in English: cargo handling facilities, intermodal transport, shipping service, general cargo, clearance of vessels inwards, loading rate, depot, inland port, superintendent, warehouse personnel, to issue documents, outbound ships, port auxiliary service fleet, stevedore gang, storage facilities, safety of shipping, pier, deep-sea port, safe navigation within the port, harbour, traffic control service, foreign ships, to be intended for, bulk cargo, merchant port, gantry cranes, perishable goods, capacity, to handle, port of departure, to put into operation.
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Exercise 5. Read the dialogue between the chief officer and the ship’s agent and then make up your own one.
A: Good morning, Chief Officer.
B: Good morning, Mr. West. How are you going to load our vessel?
A: We are going to start with two gangs.
B: That’s good. I think that one gang can be sent into Hold No2 to load general cargo for Cardiff, and other gang will be working in Hold No3 on machinery for Blackpool. And as soon as we are through Hold No2 and No3, we’ll loading heavy lifts, maybe in the afternoon.
A: But the trouble is that our heavy derricks can’t lift the goods weighting more than 15 tons.
B: I know so. The only way out is to arrange the floating crane.
A: Yes, you are right.
Exercise 6. Choose the right variant.
| 1. The vessel was in dry dock ____ for two weeks. | a) in | c) while | ||
| b) duration | d) for | |||
| 2. I am ______ danger of capsizing. | a) around | c) in | ||
| b) with | d) at | |||
| 3. The boat moved ____ the canal locks. | a) through | c) behind | ||
| b) onto | d) onto | |||
| 4. It took over an hour to get ____ the port. | a) up | c) out of | ||
| b) between | d) away | |||
| 5. There are nets _____ buoys in this area. | a) to | c) along | ||
| b) with | d) up | |||
| 6. To sail from Rotterdam ____ Singapore takes about three weeks. | a) beside | c) at | ||
| b) over | d) to | |||
| 7. We’ve been instructed to proceed ____ port at 16:00 hours. | a) over | c) into | ||
| b) on | d) under | |||
| 8. Keep the pilot boat ___ the port side. | a) at | c) on | ||
| b) with | d) between | |||
| 9. _____ my berthing instructions? | a) When can | c) What has | ||
| b) What are | d) While | |||
| 10. The ship will be ____ soon. | a) leave | c) to leave | ||
| b) leaving | d) has left | |||
| 11. The vessel ___ not ___ in port yet.
| a) arrived | c) arrives | ||
| b) has arrived | d) has arrived | |||
| 12. The ETA ___ to 11:00 because of bad weather. | a) change | c) changing | ||
| b) was changed | d) to change |
Exercise 7. Match the term with its meaning.
| Term | Its meaning |
| 1. warm water port | a. a port or harbour for landing and distributing fish. It may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. It is the only port that depends on an ocean product. |
| 2. seaport | b. These ports handle containerized cargo. Most cargo ports handle all sorts of cargo, but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle. Additionally, the individual cargo ports are divided into different operating terminals which handle the different cargoes, and are operated by different companies, also known as terminal operators or stevedores |
| 3.port of call | c. is the port where cruise-ship passengers board (or embark) to start their cruise and also debark (or disembark) the cruise ship at the end of their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the cruise, which includes everything from fresh water and fuel to fruits, vegetable and any other supplies needed for the cruise. |
| 4. fishing port | d. it is an intermediate stop for a ship on its sailing itinerary, which may include up to half a dozen ports. At these ports, a cargo ship may take on supplies or fuel, as well as unloading and loading cargo. |
| 5.cargo ports | e. This term is used in two different but related ways to mean either a port on an inland waterway or an inland site carrying out some functions of a seaport. |
| 6.cruise home port | f. one where the water does not freeze in winter time. Because they are available year-round, these ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest. |
| 7. waterway | g. is further categorized as a "cruise port" or a "cargo port". Additionally, "cruise ports" are also known as a "home port" or a "port of call". The "cargo port" is also further categorized into a "bulk" or "break bulk port" or as a "container port". |
| 8. inland port | h. are quite different from cruise ports, because each handles very different cargo, which has to be loaded and unloaded by very different mechanical means. The port may handle one particular type of cargo or it may handle numerous cargoes, such as grains, liquid fuels, liquid chemicals, wood, automobiles, etc. Such ports are known as the "bulk" or "break bulk ports". |
| 9. container ports | i. a term sometimes used to describe a yard used to place containers or conventional bulk cargo, usually connected to a seaport by rail or road. |
| 10."dry port" | k. It is any navigable body of water. They can include rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, and canals. |
Exercise 10.Read the texts and be ready to speak about the following aspects:
· the main sense of the text
· the structure of the text
· the possible questions to the main parts of the text
Port Regulation
For ensuring safe navigation and proper order within the port includes supervision for adherence to shipping regulations, registration of vessels in the State Register of Shipping, organization of pilotage and towage service and other functions of Port Operations Management.
Port operations management is effected by three channels. The higher channel controls port operations as a whole and includes the operations, shipping, technology, personnel, administrative, harbor master’s and other functional services/departments. Safety of shipping and proper order in the port as well as port operations, commerce and shipping departments are the responsibilities of the harbor master.
The middle channel of management controls cargo handling complexes and other production units of the port such as port auxiliary service fleet and repair and maintenance shops and others.
The lower channel of the management is involved in a direct control of cargo handling operations on berths and in warehouses. This control is effected by chief stevedores, warehouse superintendents and stevedore gang foremen.
To perform economic and administrative functions seaports have water areas, land territories, warehouses and open storage facilities, cargo handling facilities, passenger terminals, approach ways for railway and motor transport and an adequate personnel.
Dues and charges for services rendered to foreign ships, such as tonnage, canal, berth and pilotage dues and mooring/unmooring, shifting, towage, lighterage and cranage charges are paid in accordance with the port tariffs being in force. No work is available on official holidays usually. Some weekend work is possible at certain berths only at overtime rate.
Port Facilities
The port is managed by the general director and his deputy general director operational that is responsible for the forwarding service, the cargo loading/unloading, organisation service and the commerce service. The cargo loading/unloading operations are effected by a number of stevedoring companies. The main production units of the service are cargo handling complexes organizing and performing loading/discharging and other cargo operations such as reception, warehousing, storage, securing of cargo and etc.
Some complexes specialize in handling specific types of cargoes, for example, general cargo and in servicing specific cargo traffic routes. Each cargo, handling complex comprises terminals, complex stevedore gangs, traffic control service, warehouse and open storage personnel and is headed by the superintendent.
To facilitate and improve port management seaports are provided with information computing centres equipped with most up-to-date sophisticated computers. As a result, such everyday management problems as drawing up cargo plans and optimal technological plans-schedules for handling each particular vessel and operations of each particular cargo handling complex - and a lot of other problems – are solved by computers.
Modern ports are well equipped and mechanized for handling all types of cargoes. For handling containers there are container bridges. Several shore-based and floating cranes of 15 to 100 tons capacity and a number of loaders are available in case of need.
| 1. | twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) - условная единица измерения количественной стороны транспортных потоков, пропускной способности контейнерных терминалов или вместимости грузовых транспортных средств. Эквивалентна размерам ISO-контейнера длиной 20 футов (6,1 м). | |
| 2. | towage | буксировка |
| 3. | shipping | судоходство (движение судов в пределах порта) |
| 4. | (work)shop | мастерская |
| 5. | dues, charges, overtime rate | пошлины, сборы, сверхурочная оплата |
| 6. | shifting | перешвартовка, перемещение |
| 7. | lighterage | разгрузка/погрузка (или оплата) судов лихтерами |
| 8. | cranage | пользование кранами (или оплата) |
| 9. | reception | прием |
| 10 | deputy general director | заместитель начальника порта по эксплуатации |
| 11 | forwarding | переправка, экспедиторские операции |
Exercise 9. Translate in Russian.
1. Sea ports are responsible for loading and discharging operations, servicing inbound and outbound and foreign ships transportation, forwarding and warehousing operations, transshipment of cargo to the marine transport from other modes of transport, intermodal cargo handling operations, servicing of deep sea vessels’ passengers and clearance of vessels inwards and outwards.
2. To perform all its functions sea ports have water areas, land territories, warehouses and open storage facilities, cargo handling facilities, passenger terminals, approach ways for railway and motor transport and other production units of the port such as port auxiliary service fleet, depots for motor and electric lift trucks etc., repair and maintenance shops, rigging shops and others.
3. Each cargo, handling complex comprises terminals, complex stevedore gangs, traffic control service, warehouse and modern sheltered storage spaces and is headed by the superintendant.
4. The port is well-equipped and mechanized for handling any cargo, it has efficient gantry cranes and floating crane, up-to-date straddle carriers (контейнеровоз-погрузчик) and side loaders, for handling containers container bridges and for handling refrigerated goods a cold storage facility fitted out with high-duty cooling and freezing plants.
5. The port’s capacities enable it to handle more than 42 million tons of cargo per year, besides this port provides handling all kinds of cargoes: bulk, dry-bulk, general, heavy-lifts, oversize cargo, liquid, containers, and others.
6. The port has some special areas, for example, to take lighter carriers vessels, and load/unload them in a closed water area.
7. The port offers ‘board-on-board’ scheme residual fuel oil transshipment handling operations to ensure ecological safety.
Exercise 10. Translate in English.
1. Порт осуществляет работы и услуги, включающие транспортно-экспедиторское обслуживание, складские операции с грузами и перевалку на морской транспорт грузов с других видов транспорта и обратно.
2. Погрузо-разгрузочные работы в порту производятся на трех терминалах, специализированных по родам грузов: терминал генеральных грузов, терминал удобрений навалом и зерновой терминал.
3. В этом порту 15 причалов и почти у каждого есть свое специальное предназначение, например, причалы № 1 и № 2 предназначен под прием судов дедвейтом до 70000 тонн для обслуживания зерновых грузов, а причалы №16 и 17 в процессе строительства и вступят в строй до ноября 2012.
4. На территории порта расположены 4 склада для обслуживания разного типа груза, а также открытая складская причальная площадка площадью 52000 кв. м.
5. Навигация в порту длится круглый год, порт практически не замерзает, в нем функционирует паромный терминал, который включает причал, две досмотровые ямы с соответствующим оборудованием, благоустроенными подъездными путями для приема судов-автопаромов типа «ро-ро», с большегрузными грузовиками, легковыми автомашинами.
6. В этом порту одновременно могут разгружаться более десяти судов, перевозящих скоропортящиеся грузы, для этого есть все необходимое оборудование и опытные специализированные бригады для обработки фруктов, овощей, мяса и других продуктов.
7. Все терминалы порта оснащены современными подвижными и стационарными кранами и элеваторами, открытыми и крытыми складскими помещениями, рефрижераторными и морозильными складами.
Exercise 11. Work in pairs. Choose one of the texts and then answer the following questions.
· Where is the former/second/later port located?
· What are the main characteristics of the former/second/later port?
· What is cargo handling equipment of the former/second/later port?
· What are the storage facilities of the former/second/later port?
· Which of these two ports is the biggest one?
The Port of Rotterdam
The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe that is located in the city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. From 1962 until 2004 it was the world's busiest port, now overtaken by first Shanghai and then Singapore. In 2009, Rotterdam was the world's tenth-largest container port in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) handled.
Most important for the port of Rotterdam are general cargo transshipment handlings. The harbour functions as an important transit point for transport of bulk and other goods between the European continent and other parts of the world. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road.
Much of the container loading and stacking in the port is handled by autonomous robotic cranes and computer controlled chariots. At the Delta terminal, the chariots or automated guided vehicles (AGV) are unmanned and each carries one container. The chariots navigate their own way around the terminal with the help of a magnetic grid built into the terminal tarmac (бетонированная площадка, шоссе). Once a container is loaded onto an AGV, it is identified by infra-red 'eyes' and delivered to its designated place within the terminal.
Unmanned Automated Stacking Cranes (ASC) take containers to/from the AGV's and store them in the stacking yard.
to overtake – обгонять handling – транспортировка
stacking – укладка (складывание) в пачку, стону или стапель (stock)
chariot – автоматизированное транспортное средство
automated guided vehicles (AGV) – робокар; автоматически управляемая тележка
unmanned – управляемый автоматически magnetic grid – магнитный чип, сетка
Automated Stacking Cranes (ASC) – автоматически управляемые сортировочные краны
The Port of Singapore
The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Singapore's harbors and which handle Singapore's shipping. Thousands of ships drop anchor in the harbour, connecting the port to over 600 other ports in 123 countries and spread over six continents.
Singapore is lacking in land and natural resources, that’s why the port has so sophisticated automation complex of cargo handling and storage facilities. The Port is critical for importing natural resources, and then later re-exporting them after they have been refined and shaped in some manner. The port is the world's busiest port in terms of shipping tonnage handled, with 1.15 billion gross tons (GT) handled in 2005. In terms of cargo tonnage, Singapore is behind Shanghai with 423 million freight tons handled. The port retains its position as the world's busiest hub for transshipment traffic in 2005, and is also the world's biggest bunkering hub, with 25 million tonnes sold in the same year.
Singapore is ranked first globally in 2005 in terms of containerised traffic, with 23.2 million Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) handled.
to lack – испытывать недостаток to refine – перерабатывать, очищать
to retain – сохранять hub - сеть, центр
Port of Shanghai
The Port of Shanghai, located in the vicinity of Shanghai, comprises a deep-sea port and a river port. In 2010, Shanghai port overtook Singapore port to become the world's busiest container port. Shanghai's port handled 29.05 million TEUs, whereas Singapore port was a half million TEU's behind. The Port of Shanghai faces the East China Sea to the east, and Hangzhou Bay to the south. The port of Shanghai includes 5 major working zones. The Port of Shanghai is a critically important transport hub for the Yangtze River region and the most important gateway for foreign trade. The Port of Shanghai is about 421 kilometers southeast and about 430 nautical miles to the north.
Exercise 12. Find information about the following topics:
1. The biggest port of the world.
2. The world’s busiest port.
3. The main ports of the certain country.
4. The list of the main world’s ports.
5. The most modern port of the world.
Опасности. Указания. Течения.
Dangers. Directions. Stream and Currents
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:
| 1. | to endanger = to threaten | подвергать опасности, грозить, угрожать |
| 2. | knot, fathom, cable | узел (скорость), сажень (глубина), кабельтовый |
| 3. | bank | отмель, банка |
| 4. | patch | группа камней, отличительная глубина |
| 5. | under water rock, reef, ledge | подводная скала, риф, гряда рифов |
| 6. | flat, bar | отмель |
| 7. | shallow water | мелководье |
| 8. | fast ice | сплошной твердый лед |
| 9. | breakwater | прибой, бурун |
| 10. | tide, tidal stream, current | прилив или отлив, приливное течение, течение |
| 11. | highest high tide | самый высокий полный прилив |
| 12. | lowest low tide | самый низкий малый прилив |
| 13. | high water, low water | полная вода, малая вода |
| 14. | eddy, swirl | водоворот |
| 15. | ripple | рябь, зыбь |
| 16. | race or overfalls | быстрина, быстрое течение |
| 17. | surge, storm surge | зыбь или накат волны, штормовой ветер |
| 18. | direction | указание, направление |
| 19. | heading, to head | заголовок, название; держать курс |
| 20. | conspicuous | видимый, заметный |
| 21. | leading line, to bring (brought, brought ) in line | створная линия, привести в створ |
| 22. | landmark | береговой ориентир |
| 23. | summit | вершина |
| 24. | from seaward | со стороны моря |
| 25. | clear of danger | на достаточном расстоянии от опасностей |
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text, paying attention to the words in italics.
Entering and Leaving Port
The area between the port and the open sea often contains hazards and currents. The harbour pilot must know every channel, turn, sand bar or other obstacle that could endanger the vessel.
Except electronic aids to navigation all ships should carry adequate and up-to-date official charts, sailing directions, list of the lights, notices to mariners, tide tables and all other nautical publications necessary for the voyage. Written accounts of voyages are kept in logbooks or logs. Entries commonly include such navigational data as the ship’s course, speed (knots), and distance travelled as well as weather information (weather forecast or report). The unit of distance used by navigators is the nautical mile, while for short distances the cable or one-tenth of a nautical mile is used and for measuring the depth of the sea the fathom (6 feet = 182,88 cm) is the nautical unit of length.
Carefully prepared logbooks may be sources for data used in preparing navigational charts, besides charts all necessary for a navigator data is described in pilot book. When navigating in dangerous areas the navigator should avoid such dangers as banks or bars, patches and shallow waters, reef and ridge, submerged wreck or any dangerous obstruction, underwater rocks and shoals and especially floating ice formation and fast ice in the Northern seas.
In navigating special attention should be paid to tides, they are measured from chart datum, and levels are always given at average heights. Tidal streams are horizontal movements of the water caused by the tides, in European waters the tidal streams are of the same type as the tides. The duration and the rate of tidal streams depend on the depth of water, contour of the land, prevailing winds, tides and currents.
The currents are mainly of meteorological origin. They are affected by strong winds, barometric pressure, positive or negative surge and storm surges. Tidal streams may also affect currents and produce ripples, eddies, races, swirls and rips.
The navigator should be guided by special instructions, for example, about effect of wind, tidal stream and character of bottom. Conspicuous landmarks such as lighthouses, summits of mountains or lights on some constructions are used to show the direction of approach to some place. Two conspicuous objects brought in line from seaward may lead the ship clear of dangers into the port, roadstead, bay and anchorage.
Exercise 3. Give brief answers to the following questions:
1. What units of measurement used at sea do you know? 2. What is a nautical chart? 3. What dangers may threaten the ship’s safety? 4. What book should a navigator consult to avoid dangers/find out the data about tides and streams/check the direction to a safe way? 5. Why is navigation especially dangerous in the North? 6. What are tides? 7. What is meant by directions? 8. In what form are they given? 9. What is understood by a leading line? 10. What useful information may be found in pilot books under the heading “Dangers”, “Directions” and “Tides and Tidal Streams”?
Exercise 4. Give equivalents:
· in Russian: to be out of danger, shoal, to endanger a vessel, submerged rock, wreck, fast ice, least depth, off-shore dangers, to cancel out, average, standard port, to predict, eddy, storm surge, to affect, conspicuous, canal, shallow waters, lightvessel, shoal, to threaten safety, sand bar;
· in English: бухта, якорная стоянка, покидать порт, прилив, водоворот, угрожать безопасности, рейд, обходить или избегать опасность, следовать курсу судна, береговой ориентир, вершина, указания, створная линия, средний, сажень, быть на достаточном расстоянии от опасностей, руководствоваться рекомендациями, морской прилив или отлив, причал, мелководье, подводная скала, отмель, описываются в лоциях, из-за льда, могут столкнуться, пирс, гряда рифов.
Exercise 5. Match the words from the left column with the words from the right column.
| 1. cablelaying operations | a. измерители скорости течения |
| 2. on passage from… to | b. опасно для навигации |
| 3. traffic line | c. прикрыть от ветра |
| 4. current meters | d. на переходе от … до… |
| 5. hampered vessel | e. менее одиннадцати морских саженей |
| 6. abnormally low tides | f. препятствие |
| 7. hazardous to navigation | g. Я на мели. |
| 8. approach channel | h. необычно низкие отливы |
| 9. make a lee | j. дрейфующий лед |
| 10. to give a wide berth | k. полоса движения |
| 11. under 11 fathoms | l. судно, ограниченное в возможности маневрировать |
| 12. well off … the pier | m. операции по укладке кабеля |
| 13. floating ice | n. подходной канал |
| 14. I’m aground. | o. на значительном расстоянии от пирса |
| 15. obstruction | p. пройти в безопасном расстоянии |
Exercise 6. Read the dialogue and then make up your own one.
A: This is LIVERPOOL Pilot station. Question: What’s your present position? Over.
B: Pilot station. This is “Odessa”. I have dropped port anchor three miles off the P-point. Information: owing to tidal stream and bad holding ground I am swinging too much. Need your advice. Over.
A: This is Pilot station. Advice: change your anchorage two miles westward of Point P. Over.
B: pilot station. This is “Odessa”. Action positive. I will weigh my anchor and proceed to the recommended position. Over.
holding ground – характер дна
to swing (swung, swung) – поворачивать
weigh anchor - сниматься с якоря
Exercise 7. Choose the right variant.
| 1. Pilot books or Sailing Directions are updated when new data _____ extensive revision of an existing text. | a) required | c) is required |
| b) requires | d) are requiring | |
| 2. The data ____ from several sources, including pilots and sailing directions from other countries. | a) obtains | c) to be obtain |
| b) to obtain | d) are obtained | |
| 3. In early 2005 subsequent editions of the pilot book _____ distributed in digital form only. | a) were | c) are |
| b) is | d) to be | |
| 4. Planning Guide volumes _____ the navigator in planning an extensive oceanic voyage, as well as giving information on individual countries that is applicable to all ports in those countries. | a) assisting | c) assist |
| b) assisted | d) is assisted | |
| 5. Individual Planning Guides ____ into Countries and Ocean Basins | a) are divided | c) dividing |
| b) divides | d) is divided |
Exercise 8. Look through the text and then decide which statement is TRUE/FALSE.
· Winds and density of seawater seldom impact on currents.
· Salt and density are the interrelated values.
· The Gulf Stream is one of the strongest tides known.
Currents
The horizontal and vertical circulation of ocean waters are called currents. Major causes of ocean currents include wind friction, gravity, and variation in water density in different parts of the ocean.
The Role of Wind
Surface ocean currents are mainly caused by wind. The winds that most affect the oceans' currents are:
· The Western winds (40-50 degree latitudes) blow west to east.
· The Trade Winds (20 degree latitudes) blow east to west.
· Both of these winds are a result of warm air from the tropics moving to the poles and the Coriolis effect (that due to the rotation of the Earth, water moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere). Because these huge circular currents are blocked by continents, smaller (though still giant) ocean current circles called gyres are formed.
The Role of Density
Differences in water density affect vertical ocean currents (movement of surface ocean water to the bottom of the ocean and movement of deep ocean water to the surface).
Variations in water density are caused by variations in salinity (the amount of salt in water) and temperature. Saltier water is more dense than less salty water; cold water is more dense than warm water. Denser water tends to sink, while less dense water tends to rise. Cold-water currents occur as the cold water at the poles sinks and slowly moves toward the equator. Warm-water currents travel out from the equator along the surface, flowing toward the poles to replace the sinking cold water.
As these currents mix the oceans surface and deep waters, they help replenish the oxygen in the water.
Other Causes of Currents
Other causes of currents include tides, rain, runoff, and ocean bottom topography. Topography is the surface features of a place. Ocean topography includes slopes, ridges, valleys, and mountains! All these things are found at the bottom of the ocean, and can influence currents.
The Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is one of the strongest currents known. It moves along through the Gulf of Mexico, past the east coast of the United States and on to Northern Europe. Without the warm Gulf Stream, England and other places in Europe would be as cold as Canada.
| 1. | trade winds | пассаты |
| 2. | gyre(s) | водоворот(ы) |
| 3. | coriolis effect | эффект Кориолиса |
| 4. | runoff | разлив (рек, озер) при подъеме уровня воды в водоеме |
| 5. | slope | уклон, склон |
| 6. | ridge | подводная горная гряда |
| 7. | valley | долина |
Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Highest high tides and lowest low tides are called spring tides, while lowest high tides and highest low tides are called neap tides.
2. A tide is the periodic rise and fall of the water of oceans, seas, bays and so on caused by the gravitational interactions between the earth, moon and sun.
3. By “Range” is meant the average difference between 2 waterlevels, there can be neap, spring and mean range.
4. Strong winds may approach and even exceed the rate of the tidal streams, in practice the navigator experiences a combination of tidal stream and current.
5. Negative surges are important to the navigator as they result in reduced under-keel-clearance.
6. As a rule several courses are recommended for ships proceeding from different directions, they will help the ship to avoid dangers and choose the correct course.
7. When sailing in dangerous areas a sharp look-out should be always kept.
under-keel-clearance – глубина под килем
spring tide - наиболее высокий уровень прилива в дни, непосредственно после новолуния или полнолуния; сизигийный прилив ( "сизигии" - общее название двух фаз Луны (новолуния и полнолуния)
neap tide - квадратурный прилив
range - створ (указатель фарватера в виде двух трапеций с черной линией посередине, поставленных на берегу друг за другом)
Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. Choose them from the following list.
clear of leads cancel… out pass broken away attempt if bound be rounded created by be consulted
with local knowledge be predicted be attempted
1. C. is let bearing 023° ____ from seaward, between the dangers on either side.
2. Owing to the strength of the tidal streams navigation should only _____ at or near the time of slack water (стоячая вода или время между приливом и отливом).
3. If ____ for C. passage, S. islets should ______ at not less than 2 cables.
4. Vessels with _____ can enter between the islets.
5. No vessels should _______ to enter without local knowledge.
6. Course may be altered to the NE _____ the banks.
7. A vessel should not ______ between Seven stones and the lightvessel.
8. Strong currents during or after positive or negative surges may greatly increase tidal streams or _____ them _____.
9. The tidal streams can ______ by reference to a suitable Standard port by tables printed on the published charts.
10. Tides are mainly _____ the gravitational effect of the moon and the sun on the earth.
11. Dangers are described in pilot books, that’s why pilot books and charts should always ____.
12. Icebergs ______ from the parent formation may float in the open sea.
Exercise 11. Translate in English.
1. Различают постоянные, периодические и неправильные течения, а также поверхностные и подводные, теплые и холодные течения.
2. В океанах и морях в определенных направлениях на расстояния в тысячи километров перемещаются огромные потоки воды шириной в десятки и сотни километров, глубиной в несколько сотен метров, которые называются морскими течениями
3. Причинами, вызывающими течения, могут быть, например, нагревание и охлаждение поверхности воды или осадки, однако наиболее значимой в образовании течений является роль ветра.
4. Судам рекомендуется проходить в стороне от этого района, где производится операция по поиску и спасению.
5. При сильных восточных ветрах нет укрытия между отмелью и берегом, так как неспокойное море простирается к берегу.
Exercise 12. Read and translate the following extracts from the English pilot book. Check your translation by finding the corresponding points in Russian. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
| 1. Submarine cables. – Submarine cables cross the harbour from a position close to S. situated 3 ¼ cables north-eastward of A. point. Vessels should not anchor in the vicinity of these cables, the positions of which are indicated by wavy lines on the charts. | a. Банка С. около 6,5 миль к северо-западу от мыса С.- это скалистая подводная гряда с наименьшей известной глубиной 12 саженей (21,9 м) возле ее южной оконечности. |
| 2. Hats, a group of rocky shoals north-westward of I. islet, cover a large area, with depths of less than 3 fathoms (5,5 m) over it, with several heads having depths of from 3 to 6 feet (0,9 m to 1,8m) over them. | b. Удаленные от берега опасности. – Подход к островкам С. с юго-запада и запада требует осторожности в туманную погоду из-за скалистой гряды камней, простирающихся в тех направлениях; быстрины создают опасность для судов в штормовую погоду. |
| 3. Off-lying dangers. – an approach to S. isles from south-westward or westward requires caution in hazy of thick weather on account of the rocky ledges extending in those directions; the overfalls make it dangerous to open boats in rough weather. | c. Отмель с глубиной 17 футов (5,2 м) лежит около 1,25 кабельтова к востоку от мыса С. Между мысом С. и мысом В., около 2-х миль на северо-восток имеются несколько отдельно лежащих участков земли с глубинами от 7 до 18 футов (от 2,1 м до 5,5 м), лежащих в пределах одного кабельтова к берегу. |
| 4. Cape C. bank, about 6 ½ miles north-westward of Cape C., is a rocky ridge with a least known depth of 12 fathoms (21,9 m) over it near its southern extremity. | d. Хэтс, группа скалистых отмелей северо-восточнее островка И., занимают большую площадь с глубинами меньше, чем 3 сажени (5,5 м) с несколькими мысами, на глубинах от 3 до 6 футов (0,9 м до 1,8м) |
| 5. A shoal, with depth of 17 feet (5,2 m) over it, lies about 1 ¼ cables eastward of S. head. Between S. Head and W. Point about 2 miles north-eastward there are several detached patches, with depths of from 7 to 18 feet (2,1 m to 5,5 m) over them lying within one cable to coast. | e. Подводные кабели. – Подводные кабели пересекают гавань от места рядом с С., расположенного в 3,75 кабельтовых на северо-восток от мыса А. Судам не следует становиться на якорь в районе этих кабелей, местонахождение которых обозначено волнистыми линиями на карте. |
Средства навигации. Огни и буи.
Aids to Navigation. Lights and Buoys.
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:
| 1. | aid to navigation or navigation aid | средства, помогающее навигации (вне судна) или навигационное оборудование (на судне) |
| 2. | alternating light | переменный огонь |
| 3. | fixed light | постоянный огонь |
| 4. | flashing light, flash or to flash | проблесковый огонь, вспышка или подавать световой сигнал |
| 5. | occulting light | затмевающий огонь |
| 6. | towing light | буксировочный огонь |
| 7. | masthead light | топовый огонь |
| 8. | navigation light | ходовой огонь |
| 9. | stern light | гакабортный огонь |
| 10 | unwatched light | необслуживаемый огонь |
| 11 | all-rounded light | огонь кругового освещения |
| 12 | side light | отличительный (боковой) огонь |
| 13 | shoal | мол |
| 14 | visible or visibility | видимый или видимость |
| 15 | duration | длина, длительность, продолжительность |
| 16 | lantern | фонарь |
| 17 | to show(showed, shown)/to exhibit | показывать, выставлять, зажигать (огонь) |
| 18 | eclipse, to obscure | затмение, затмевать |
| 19 | at elevation of (height) | на высоте над уровнем море (высота объекта) |
| 20 | detached | отдельный, обособленный; изолированный |
| 21 | pile, post, pole, staff, pillar | свая, столб или веха, шест, шток, стойка |
| 22 | lightship or lightvessel | плавучий маяк |
| 23 | square, triangular, circular | квадратный, треугольный, круглый |
| 24 | beacon | знак на берегу или на воде |
| 25 | IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities | |
| 26 | pile buoy | знак на сваях |
| 27 | chequered buoy | буй, раскрашенный в шахматном порядке |
| 28 | mooring buoy | швартовная бочка |
| 29 | spar buoy | веха |
| 30 | stripe, band | полоса (вертикальная), полоса (горизонтальная) |
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text, paying attention to the words in italics.
Lights and buoys
Marks and lights are the guideposts of the sea, helping the Captain navigate unfamiliar coasts and ports. They consist of lighthouses, buoys and other local structures. At night the most important ones are lit, and each light has individual characteristics of range, colour, duration, type and number of flashes.
Lights are used to ensure safe navigation. There are several types of lights: the fixed light, the flashing light, the group-flashing light, the occulting light, alternating light and isophase light. The applications of the types of light are determined by the fact whether a light is conspicuous or not. The most conspicuous light by far is the flashing light that is used to indicate danger. The least conspicuous light is the fixed light that illuminates an object or an area. Lights are exhibited form different conspicuous structures, such as towers, poles, posts, buoys, beacons, staffs, masts and lighthouses.
With the aid of charts the navigator can identify which light he is looking at. A chart may describe a lighthouse as: GpFl(3) 15 sec 24M. This cryptic message means that the light gives a group of three flashes, every 15 seconds and can be seen in clear weather for 24 miles.
By day, mariners can still take visual bearings from lighthouses. By the way, there are rarely more than 60m high, because their light could be lost in clouds in poor weather. Lighthouses are of different shape (circular, cylindrical and pyramidal) and of different material (stone, brick, concrete, steel). Lighthouses are painted white, yellow, red etc. and sometimes in horizontal and vertical stripes of different colours. It should be distinguished that a band is a horizontal line, while a stripe is a vertical line. When leading lights are exhibited, the front light is always lower than the rear light.
Light stations and lightships are maintained along coastlines to warn approaching ships of potential dangers such as off-lying rocks.
Floating navigational aids which are anchored or moored are called buoys. Simple arrangements of colours, shapes, numbers and lights are employed to indicate the side of a buoy on which a ship should pass when moving in a given direction.
These navigational aids include buoys of two kinds, lateral marks, which mark each side of the channel, and cardinal marks, which relate to compass direction and indicate hazards. Port-side buoys are red, can-shaped and are topped by flashing red light. Starboard buoys are green, cone-shaped and bear a flashing green light.
Speaking about the aids to navigation it should be mentioned about special buoys, landfall marks and isolated danger marks. Special buoys indicate special features in the fairway that can be looked up in the Pilot book. They may have any shape and are fitted with a yellow light. Landfall marks point to safe water of sufficient depth and indicate that one approaches the coast. They are pillar- or spar-shaped and are fitted with a white light.
Exercise 3. Give brief answers to the following questions:
1. What can be used to ensure safe navigation? 2. How can a navigator identify which light he is looking at? 3. What is the lighthouse? 4. What purpose does lighthouse serve? 5. Which light is exhibited higher, the front or the rear one? 6. How many types of lights do you know? 7. What light is the most conspicuous? 8. What light is used to illuminate an object? 9. What are buoys? 10. What colour is the starboard buoy? 11. The buoy shape is more important than colour, isn’t it? 12. What is the lateral system used for? 13. What are landfall marks used for? 14. What colour light are special buoys fitted with? 15. Where can you read about buoys and beacons?
Exercise 4. Give equivalents:
· in Russian: buoyage system, lightship, occulting light, aid to navigation, mooring, to be anchored, to indicate, towing lights, shallow water, can-shaped, fairway, flashing light, shape, to be buoyed, pillar buoy, strip, cone, to establish, patch, off shore, entrance, wreck, to be exhibited, lightvessel, navigation aid, lantern, nautical charts, all-rounded lights;
· in English: башня, приметный или хорошо видимый, переменный огонь, выставлять, маяк, столб, морская карта, проблесковый огонь, затмение, ходовой огонь, высота над уровнем моря, топовый огонь, вспышка, группозатмевающийся огонь, подавать световой сигнал, фонарь, постройка, затмевающий огонь, мачта, буксировочный огонь, соответствующий борт, плавучий маяк, бортовые огни, видимость, кормовой огонь, период, зеленый, фарватер, гавань, обломки кораблекрушения.
Exercise 5. Match the term with its definition.
| term | definition |
| 1. navigation aid | a. It is the sequence and length of light and dark periods and the colour or colours by which a navigational light is identified. |
| 2. aid to navigation | b. This term means an aid to navigation intended to mark the sides of a channel or waterway. |
| 3. beacon | c. A buoy has a boat-shaped body. They are nearly always unmanned and are used instead of smaller lighted buoys in waters where strong currents are experienced. |
| 4.light characteristics | d. A structure that exhibits a major navigation light. |
| 5. topmark | e. An IALA aid to navigation that intends to show the location of a danger to navigation based on its position relative to the danger using the “cardinal point”: north, east, south, west. |
| 6. lateral mark | f. It is a device or structure external to the ship, designed to assist in determination of position, to define a safe course, or to warn of dangers or obstructions. |
| 7. cardinal mark | g. A publication gives detailed information regarding lighted navigational aids and fog signals. |
| 8. lighthouse | h. It is one of more objects of characteristic shape placed on top of a buoy or beacon to aid in its identification. |
| 9. light list | i. It is a fixed artificial navigation mark |
| 10. light-float | k. This is an onboard instrument, device, chart, method, etc., intended to assist in the navigation. |
Exercise 6. Read the dialogue and then make up your own one.
Pilot: So 20 minutes have passed. We are approaching the anchorage place. You may now notify the engine-room, Captain.
Captain: Shall we switch on the echo sounder and start taking soundings?
Pilot: Of course? It’s time to take soundings. Do you see that tall building over there, Captain?
Captain:Yes, I do. Do you mean to say we must steerfor that tall building?
Pilot: Yes, that’s exactly what I mean. By the way, you must keep that tall building in line with the lighthouse until you reach Point B.
Captain:Shall we drop the anchor at B?
Pilot: No, “B” is not our anchorage. We’ll alter the course at “B” 30° to port and proceed till we reach the green buoy. Our anchorage is 100 meters off the green buoy on our starboard side.
Exercise 7.Translate in Russian.
1. To assist in remembering cardinal marks one should associate the number of flashes of each group with that of a clock face: north is at twelve o'clock, east is at three o'clock, south is at six o'clock and west is at nine o'clock.
2. Charts or nautical manuals may be out-of-date, and buoyage is only a useful aid to navigation when it is related to an up-to-date chart.
3. The lights may not be working or occasionally buoys marked as unlit on the chart may be lit, besides buoys may drift from their original position by strong current or heavy weather.
4. The depth and position of navigation channels may have changed since the last buoyage surveys.
5. Imagine a clock with the bow of your boat at 12 o’clock. Everything from 3 to 9, from your starboard to your port beam is considered abaft. 9 o’clock is “on the port abeam;” 3 is “on the starboard abeam.” Noon is dead ahead; 6 is dead astern.
Exercise 8.Translate in English.
1, Огонь выставлен на высоте 76 футов над уровнем моря на треугольной железной башне высотой 60 футов, расположенной на западной стороне гавани.
2. Затмевающий огонь выставлен на высоте 204 фута (62,2 м) над уровнем моря на белой квадратной постройке высотой 21 фут, расположенной на внешней оконечности мола, его дальность видимости 12 миль.
3. На плавучий маяк нельзя полагаться, также как и на освещаемый береговой знак.
4. На каком расстоянии от порта находится этот маяк?
5. Что ограждают эти буи? – Эти буи ограждают мель.
Exercise 9.Read and translate. Check your translations by findings the corresponding point in Russian. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
| 1. K. light is exhibited at an elevation of 28 feet (8,5 m) from black metal structure with a red lantern 24 feet (7,3 m) in height situated on the western side of the entrance to the harbour. | a) Два черных сферических швартовых буя для использования маячного тендера (посыльного судна) установлены на расстоянии одного и двух с половиной кабельтовых соответственно от скалы Вульфа. |
| 2. Two black spherical mooring buoys for the use of the lighthouse tender are moored at distance of one and 2 ½ cables, respectively, from Wolf Rock. | b) Огонь К. Установлен на высоте 28 футов (8,5 м) на черном металлическом конструкции с красным фонарем высотой 4 фута (7,3 м), расположенной на западной стороне входа в гавань. |
| 3. A white group-flashing light showing two flashes every ten seconds is shown westward from L. point. | c) Постоянный желтый огонь установлен на западном молу. |
| 4. A can buoy, painted in red and white chequers, marks the extremity of Peril ledge. | d) Белый группопроблесковый огонь, показывающий два проблеска каждые 10 секунд, зажигается западнее мыса Л. |
| 5. B. and N. lights in line, bearing 149°, lead to the harbour. | e) Цилиндрический буй, окрашенный в красную и белую клетку, ограждает восточную оконечность рифа (гряды камней) П. |
| 6. A fixed yellow light is exhibited from the western mole. | f) Огни Б. и Н. в створе по пеленгу 149° ведут в гавань. |
Exercise 10.Get readyto speak about one of the followingtopics:
1. Types of lights and their characteristics.
2.Types of buoys and their functions.
3.The buoyage systems: lateral and cardinal systems.
4.Navigation lights.
5.The instruments of navigation: lights and buoys.
COMPREHENSIVE READING
| 1. | to spawn | вызывать |
| 2. | to enhance | увеличить, усилить |
| 3. | sake | цель, причина (употребляется в словосочетаниях) |
| 4. | to encourage | ободрять; поощрять, поддерживать |
Exercise 1. Choose the text, translate it and after that answer the questions. All new words and expressions should be added to the vocabulary of this lesson.
Text A. Types of Lights
Among the different types of lights the main ones are the following: the fixed light, the flashing light, the occulting, the alternating light, the isophase and the Morse code lights. All lights are indicated by abbreviations on nautical charts.
The fixed light is a light that shines continuously. This light shines with an unblinking and steady intensity and is always on. Its abbreviation is F.
The flashing light is abbreviated to Fl. But in nautical charts the abbreviations of the corresponding rhythms Q (quick – 50-80 flashes per minute) or VQ (very quick – 80-160 flashes per minutes) are used. The duration of the light is always less than the duration of the darkness.
The occulting light (Occ) is the opposite of the flashing one, the light is more on than off.
Isophase light has equal duration between light and darkness. A period consists of both a light and a dark interval. It is also called Equal Interval (E Int).
Group flashing light is actually a combination of two patterns in one period. In this example the first 2 flashes followed by the pattern of 3 flashes result in: Gp Fl(2+3).
An alternating light changes colour. This special purpose light is typically used for special applications requiring the exercise of great caution. For example, ALT.WG means alternating between green and white.
The Morse Code light shows two flashes and a long flash, which is equivalent to the letter “U” in Morse code.
Questions:
· What types of lights are mentioned in the text?
· What is the characteristic of F?
· What is the difference between Fl and Occ?
· Which light has the light intervals equal to dark intervals?
· What are group lights?
Text B. Types of Buoys
Buoys and beacons are used for making dangers at sea, for marking approaches to entrances, for defining channels, fairways and their positions etc. There are six types of navigation buoys: lateral, cardinal, isolated danger, safe water, new wreck and special buoys.
The location of lateral buoys defines the borders of channels and indicates the direction. Under IALA A red buoys mark the port side of the channel when returning from sea, and under IALA B green buoys mark the port side of the channel when sailing towards land. Red buoys have even numbers and red lights, while green buoys have odd numbers and green lights.
The cardinal buoys indicate the safe side of a danger with an approximate bearing. For example, the West cardinal buoy has safe water on its West and the danger on its East side. Notice the “clockwise” resemblance of the light phase characteristics.
The isolated danger buoy indicates the position of an isolated danger, contrary to cardinal buoys which indicate a direction away from the danger.
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