Describe war poetry and war films that treat war.
A war poet is a poet in time of and on the subject of war. WWI poetry - for the first time, a substantial number of important English poets were soldiers, writing about their experiences of war. A number of them died on the battlefield, most famously Edward Thomas, Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen, and Charles Sorley. Others including Robert Graves, Ivor Gurney and Siegfried Sassoon survived but were scarred by their experiences, and this was reflected in their poetry. Robert H. Ross characterised the English "war poets" as a subgroup of the Georgian Poetry writers. Many poems by British war poets were published in newspapers and then collected into anthologies. Several of these early anthologies were published during the war and were very popular, though the tone of the poetry changed as the war progressed. One of the wartime anthologies was The Muse in Arms, published in 1917. Several anthologies were also published in the years after the war had ended. WWII - By World War II the role of "war poet" was so well-established in the public mind that "Where are the war poets?" became a topic of discussion as there were no war poets during the period.
War films are a film genre concerned with warfare, usually about naval, air or land battles, sometimes focusing instead on prisoners of war, covert operations, military training or other related subjects. At times war films focus on daily military or civilian life in wartime without depicting battles. Their stories may be fiction, based on history, docudrama, biographical, or even alternate history fiction. Themes explored in war films include combat, survivor and escape stories, tales of sacrifice, studies of the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and explorations of the moral and human issues raised by war. WWII - The success of Steven Spielberg's realistic Saving Private Ryan in 1998 helped to usher in a revival of interest in World War II films. A number of these, such as Pearl Harbor and Enemy at the Gates were aimed at the blockbuster market, while others, like Enigma, Dark Blue World, Captain Corelli's Mandolin, and Charlotte Gray, were more nostalgic in tone. Others were trying to represent a more harrowing side of the reality of the war such precursor movies as the German Joseph Vilsmaier's Stalingrad, Wolfgang Petersen's Das Boot and the later, American director Terrence Malick's The Thin Red Line.
17. Do you know anything of the origins of the Cold War: the reasons behind the tensions between the USA and the Soviet Union?
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The Soviet-American combat, known as the "Cold War" hung heavy over global affairs for more than forty long years; structuring the world with extensive military buildups, an unceasing nuclear arms rivalry, intensive surveillance, and relentless technological emulations.
Causes
· The Soviet Union wanted to spread its ideology of communism worldwide, which alarmed the Americans who followed democracy.
· The acquisition of atomic weapons by America caused fear in the Soviets.
· Both countries feared an attack from each other adhering to mutual mass destruction.
· The Soviet Union's action of taking control over Eastern Europe was a major factor for US suspicions.
· The US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
· America was annoyed by the Soviet Union's actions in the part of Germany it had occupied.
· The Soviets feared that America would use Western Europe as a base to attack it.
· The relations between the Soviet Union and the United States completely crashed because of the war between North Korea (supported by Soviet Union) and South Korea.
· There was an inability of the United Nations body (formed by the Allies) to settle disputes among the super powers.
18. What is common knowledge of the working of the human brain (the brain structure)?
Brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It controls the central nervous system and regulates virtually all human activity. Brain consists of two hemispheres: right and left. The left-hand side of the brain normally controls the right side of the body and vice versa.
The functions of the two hemispheres of the brain control:
LEFT (rational side) RIGHT (irrational side)
language rhythm
numbers colour
analysis imagination
logics daydreaming
sequencing space: three dimensions
linearity seeing collections of things as a whole
19. How to boost your memory?
First of all learn to relax if you’re trying to memorize something. You may miss important items if your mind is on something else or if you weren’t paying attention because of anxiety. If you’re having trouble concentrating, increase the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain. So try to combine study with exercise. Keep your mind fit as well as your body by doing mental workouts. Crosswords, Scrabble and quizzes all help to keep the mind in shape. Mnemonics - most of these systems involve associating the things you want to remember with something you already have safely stored in your head, and the most effective systems make use of visual imagery, smell, touch and sound.
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20. Do gender differences manifest themselves in mental activity?
Men’s and women’s thought processes are fundamentally different. The theory remains highly controversial in the medical world. The University of Pennsylvania indicates that men have the stronger emotional response to other people’s feelings. The sexes have markedly different patterns of ability and perception. Men are more decisive, aggressive and driven by money and status than women. They tend to be more mechanically minded, better at targeting objects and better at activities which require spatial reasoning - пространственное мышление (Rubik cubes). Women are thought to have greater verbal fluency, though the sexes have equal vocabularies. They prefer amicable - мирные solutions to problems and perform better in non-competitive situations. They also outperform men in arithmetic calculation, can store more random information, and are far better at identifying matching items in a hurry. The reason for the differences is thought to be largely due to levels of the hormone testosterone in both men and women. Some studies show that major differences in the intellectual function appear to lie in patterns of ability rather than in the overall level of intelligence. Scientists believe that the specific area of the brain affected by sex hormones is the hypothalamus, which stimulates feelings of rage, hunger, thirst and desire.
21. Exceptional mental abilities: are they due to nature or nurture?
Psychologist ask which factors are decisive in developing human behavioral characteristics: genetic background or education and upbringing? As far as intelligence is concerned, both genetics and upbringing determine the final outcome. We can easily show that genetics can stifle - подавить intellectual development (Down syndrome). And individuals deprived of education and human contact may be deprived - лишены of the ability to read, speak or conduct abstract reasoning, i.e. we can show that lack of education may be equally devastating to the human mind. The power of genetics on the functioning of the brain is illustrated by afflictions - физические недостатки such as Down syndrome (mental retardation - отсталость), dyslexia (reading problems), amusia (problems with recognizing sounds and music), unipolar and bipolar disorders (depression and manic-depressive disorder), and many more. These factors on one hand illustrate that we may at birth be handicapped in the quest for genius. At the same time, behavioral therapies used in all listed cases, show the tremendous power of training in developing compensation for disability. Well-designed training can produce amazing results in enhancing intelligence. Genius is based on good hardware, excellent knowledge, strong motivation, and minimum negative interference - вмешательство.
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22. Bringing up a better baby: are you for hot housing, stimulating or supportive parental style?
Hothouse children are children whose parents push them into learning more quickly and earlier than is appropriate for the cognitive age of the children. Hothouse children are often overscheduled in activities their parents believe are essential to their children's success in life. The two keys terms in this definition are "push" and "cognitive age." “Hothousing” parents risk damaging their young. The child feels valued for what he knows rather than for who he is. Parents may develop a fear of failure. Early education teachers may miss truly gifted children. Supporting parents are those who get out of children’s way to help them follow their pet interests and praise their any achievements. Usually these parents create a harmonious home governed by clear rules. Stimulating parents are more actively involved in what their children do, steering (направляя) them certain fields and pushing them to work hard, often acting as a tutor.
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23. Do the people learn through the same way of leaning? What is the way of learning a foreign language?
Students learn in many ways, like seeing, hearing, and experiencing things first hand. Visual learners are those who learn through seeing things. Auditory learners are those who learn best through hearing things. Kinesthetic learners are those who learn through experiencing/doing things. There are seven specific types of learning styles. 1. Linguistic: loves to read, write, and tell stories; tend to memorize places, dates, names, and trivia very easily, and are always mesmerizing you with their incredible tales. 2. Logical: very mathematically inclined; enjoy solving problems, particularly math related. 3. Spatial: visualizers; spend most of the day dreaming, watching movies, and staying as far away from reality as possible. 4. Musical: walking around the house humming a tune, or always needs music to study by; this type is best at noticing details, pitches, and rhythms that escape the normal listener. 5. Bodily: always on the move; constantly walk around, have to touch everything, and use body language to convey their feelings. 6. Interpersonal: the "social butterflies"; adapt easily to any type of social situation, have many friends and are excellent leaders; patient, understanding, and very empathetic, which makes them a favorite among their playmates. 7. Intrapersonal: are strong willed people who work best alone; pursue their one interests and have a deep understanding of themselves.
What is the way of learning a foreign language?
Whatever the level of the students and however language Study is organized within ESA (engage->study-> activate) teaching sequence, there are four things that students need to do with “new” language: be exposed to it; understand its meaning; understand its form (how it’s constructed) and practice it.
24. Are world religions value systems or codes of conduct?
Value systems are coherent set of values adopted and/or evolved (сформированные) by a person, organization, or society as a standard to guide its behavior in preferences in all situations. A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the responsibilities of, or proper practices for, an individual, party or organization. Related concepts (смежные области) include ethical, honor and moral codes, as well as religious laws. Religious law refers to ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions. Examples include Christian canon law, Islamic sharia, Jewish halakha and Hindu law. A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives (повествования), symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe. From their beliefs about the cosmos and human nature, people derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle. Religion and morality are not synonymous. Morality does not depend upon religion although this is "an almost automatic assumption (предположение)." According to The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics, religion and morality "are to be defined differently and have no definitional connections with each other. Conceptually and in principle, morality and a religious value system are two distinct kinds of value systems or action guides."
25. How to be happy and successful?
1. Take care of others.
2. Always be polite to everyone.
3. Don't hurt people. Love everyone and help make them happy.
4. Keep fighting for something worthwhile in your life.
5. Don't lose yourself. Keep trying for what you are doing till you succeed even if it takes your whole life.
6. Don't be angry. Always be curious and happy, never furious.
7. Always ask for help whenever you need it.
8. Learn everything. You should know something about everything.
9. Try to gather knowledge as much as you can and share all the knowledge to anyone who is interested.
10. If you missed an opportunity don't worry. There is another greater opportunity coming your way.
11. Losing and Winning: "Everybody can fight when he is sure of winning, but give me a man who is pluck into fight even when he is sure of losing".
"Our greatest victory is not in never failing, but in getting up every time we fail".
26. How to cope with life and other people? What is your philosophy of life?
How to cope with life and other people: stop looking on the outside for what you need to find within; like yourself; realize that there are some things they will never get over; know the difference between ‘denial’ and ‘optimism’; realize the importance of being open to others rather than shutting down; be not bitter, but get better by forgiving; live life looking and moving forward, not backwards
What is your philosophy of life? Everybody has a different view on the world. All citizens have a different opinion on how people should act and what traits make a good person. Someone might consider loyalty, honesty and tolerance to be very important. I agree that these traits are vital, but I believe that the ability to be optimistic is the most essential trait. I also think having a sense of humor and a smile is very important. I believe that life is like a mirror, we get the best results when we smile at it.
27. Dreams and creativity: is there any connection? Can we call dreams a process vital to our mental life?
Dream is defined as a sequence of sensation, images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. "Dreaming is nothing but our occasional awareness of brain activation in sleep." Dreams are basically reflections of our daily lives, and most of the sources of dreams are simply from the memory. We dream because our brains are activated during sleep. Many definitions of creativity can be found in different areas of studies. Creativity is defined as the act of making something new. It is a mental process with divergent thought involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations between existing ideas or concepts.
Sigmund Freud emphasized on dreaming as “the royal road to the unconscious”. This produced an assumption to link creativity, unconscious and dream together: a) Four reasons why dream is connected with creativity: Dreaming – a creative process because of: 1 dream’s originality; 2 like the creative process, it is spontaneous, and it is experienced without the control of the will; 3 dream is as symbolic and metaphoric which are both also the expressions of creativity; 4 the ability in which humans produce dream spontaneously indicate dream detains potential to creativity; b) Affects on Dreams - if dreams affect our mood, dreams can be influential in the creative process, both directly and indirectly, due to the fact that emotion is related with creativity; c) Dreams form our way of thinking - researchers have repeatedly shown that subliminal imagery - imagery that the recipient has no conscious awareness of - can profoundly effect behavior.
3. The differences in teaching procedure in English/American schools/universities and schools/universities in our country.
Belarus:
School education: School education is divided into three levels: primary (4 years), basic (9 years) and secondary (11 years). At the end of basic education, a Certificate of Basic Education is awarded.9th grade graduates have three possibilities: 1) Third stage of school education (10-11th grades); 2) Vocational/technical establishments; 3) Technicums. In secondary education, pupils continue to study in secondary schools 10-11th grades, grammar schools or lyceums. School-leavers are given a Certificate of Secondary Education. Higher education: The Belarussian system of higher education includes educational, research and governing institutions that use unified official standards and rules in the processes of teaching, management, assessment and research. Higher education is provided by public (State) and private (non-State) accredited higher education institutions (HEIs). Education in public HEIs is free of charge for students who passed the entrance competition. In private HEIs, all students pay tuition fees. Higher education is under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, which is responsible for the accreditation and licensing of HEIs and developing and applying the State Educational Standards
USA:
The USA does not have a national system of education. All educational matters are left to states. Elementary education starts at the age of 6 and continues till 10-11 years. Secondary education is provided from the age 11 — 12. Intermediate school includes grades 6 through 9 for ages 11-12 up to 14—15. A senior high school may include grades 9—10 through 12. High school students who wish to attend a college or a university go through one of the two standard tests — SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) and ACT (American College Test). A program for undergraduates usually takes four years and leads to the Bachelor of Arts or Science degree. After that, students may leave the university or go on for a graduate or professional degree.
UK:
Generally, primary education in the UK takes place in infant schools (for ages 5-7) and junior schools (for ages 8—11); secondary education takes place in secondary schools. Pupils can stay at school voluntarily for up to three years longer. Having completed a compulsory education, 16 year-olds may start work, remain at school or study at a Further Education college. At schools and colleges they can take the school-leaving General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams — in a range of subjects. Having completed GCSEs most students usually specialize in three to four subjects leading to General Certificate of Education (GCE) A Levels. Others can take higher grade GNVQs. Many students then move towards higher education training at universities, colleges and institutes offering studies at degree level and higher. The most common degree courses, which usually take three years to complete are the Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Education (BEd), Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) and Bachelor of Laws (LLB). Master degrees for those undertaking further study include the Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MSc), Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Laws (LLM). Then there are research-based postgraduate courses leading to the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD/DPhil).
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