Complete the sentences from the text.
1. On 4 October 1957 the first satellite Sputnik, …. 2. Since then, thousands of spacecraft … into space. 3. Every few weeks new satellites … into orbit. 4. Unfortunately, space … by debris from these space flights. 5. An astronaut … if he or she was hit by a piece of rubbish. 6. Sooner or later a satellite … by a large piece of rubbish.
Word-building
| Suffixes and prefixes | Formation and meaning | Examples |
| -ment,-er(-or),-tion, -ssion,-sion,-ence, -ance,-ing | Formation of the nouns from the verbs | Development, discussion, driver, difference, translation, teacher, reading |
| -teen,-ty | Formation of cardinal numerals | Sixty, eighteen |
| -ive,-al,-ian,-less, -ful,-ic,-y | Formation of the adjectives from the nouns | Effective, woody, official, hopeless, Indian, atomic, beautiful, sandy |
| -ty,-ity,-ness | Formation of the nouns from the adjectives | Safety, happiness, possibility |
| -ship,-ture | Formation of the nouns | Friendship, adventure, mixture |
| -ize | Formation of the verbs from the adjectives | Localize, collectivize, nationalize |
| -ous | Formation of the adjectives | Conscious, various, numerous |
| -iable,-able, -ent,-ant | Formation of the adjectives from the verbs | Measurable, readable, countable, different, resistant |
| -ly | Formation of the adverbs from the adjectives | Properly, naturally, kindly |
| mis-,dis- | These prefixes have the meaning, opposite to the stem | To misunderstand, misfortune, to dislike, to discover |
| over-,under- | The prefix –over means “пере-, сверх”; the prefix –under means “недо-” | To overcome, to underpay, to overwork, to underfeed |
| re- | Prefix of the verbs –re means the recurrence of the actions | To redone, to remake, to rewrite |
1. Form the nouns from the following verbs with the help of the suffixes.
to work, to develop, to agree, to read, to write, to translate, to dictate, to farm, to plant, to buy, to interpret, to differ, to teach, to drive, to collect, to seed, to learn, to discuss, to examine, to contain, to indicate.
2. Name the suffixes in the following words, define the part of speech.
central, personally, experiment, friendship, chemist, document, question, production, conference, practical, computer, early, vacant, attractive, wonderful, student, painter, richly.
3. Group the following words dividing them into: a) nouns, b) adjectives, c) adverbs, d) numerals.
local, writer, clearly, fifth, condition, principal, client, conversation, sensitive, eighteen, fully, comprehensive, conversion, social, porter, session, regional, tractor, cultivation, easily, formally, assistant, speaker, closely.
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4. Form the antonyms of the following words, using suffixes.
usual, known, natural, adequate, thinkable, possible, dependence, different, happy, mortal, pretty, well, regular, practical, legal, definite, rational, logical.
5. Form the words, opposite to the meaning, using:
a) prefix dis-
able, comfortable, to connect, to cover, to continue, to like, to place, to please.
b) prefix mis-
to believe, to understand, information, to lead, to manage, to place, to use, to spell.
c) translate the words into Russian.
6. Group the words into synonymous pairs.
various, to start, earth, to return, globe, wood, different, to begin, to produce, major, to name, kind, to come back, to call, to manufacture, forest, chief, species.
7. Group the words into antonymous pairs.
to disappear, to die, without, to break, inside, simple, to stop, decomposer, to live, to decrease, to appear, with, complex, to move, long, outside, composer, to build, to increase, short.
The Infinitive.
1. Insert the particle “to” before Infinitive, where necessary:
1. I like … play the guitar. 2. My brother can … speak French. 3. We had …put on our overcoats because it was cold. 4. They wanted … cross the river. 5. It is high time for you …go to bed. 6. May I … use your telephone? 7. They heard the girl … cry out with joy. 8. I would rather … stay at home today. 9. He did not want …play in the yard any more. 10. Would you like … go to England?
2. Translate into your native language, be attentive with Active Infinitive and Passive Infinitive.
1. Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet. 2. To improve your phonetics you should record yourself and analyse your speech. 3. This is the book to be read during the summer holidays. 4. To be instructed by such a good specialist was a great advantage. 5. To play chess was his greatest pleasure. 6. The child did not like to be washed. 7. Isn’t it natural that we like to be praised and don’t like to be scolded? 8. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents? 9. He is very forgetful, but he doesn’t like to be reminded of his duties.
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3. Translate into your native language, be attentive with Perfect Infinitive.
1. I am awfully glad to have met you. 2. Sorry to have placed you in his disagreeable situation. 3. I am very happy to have had the pleasure of making your acquaintance. 4. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 5. Clyde was awfully glad to have renewed his acquaintance with Sondra. 6. Sorry not to have noticed you. 7. I am sorry to have added some more trouble by what I have told you. 8. When Clyde looked at the girl closely, he remembered to have seen her in Sondra’s company. 9. I remembered to have been moved by the scene I witnessed. 10. The child was happy to have been brought home.
4. Open the brackets, use necessary forms of Infinitive:
1. He seems (to read) a lot. 2. He seems (to read) now. 3. He seems (to read) since morning. 4. He seems (to read) all the books in the library. 5. I want (to take) you to the concert. 6. I want (to take) to the concert by the father. 7. She hoped (to help) her friends. 8. I hope (to see) you soon. 9. We expect (to be) back in two days. 10. He expected (to help) by the teacher.
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