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Задание №1. Прочитайте тексты. Перескажите.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
The System of Government
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy; the official head of state is the monarch (at present Elizabeth II), whose powers are limited by the constitution. The United Kingdom constitution is not embodied in a single document, but is the result of a long process of growth. The constitution is a set of rules, many of which are customs or "conventions" (unwritten rules) that have come to be accepted through the fact of being observed though they have no defined authority. Acts of Parliament (also called "laws" or "statutes") have defined some aspects of the constitutional system. The system is flexible and can be altered by Act of Parliament, or by general agreement to create, change or abolish a convention.
The organs of government are clearly distinguishable although their functions often overlap. Parliament is the supreme legislative body and is the supreme authority in the United Kingdom. The executive consists of:
a) the Government — Cabinet and other ministers who are responsible for introducing and directing national policy
b) government departments, which are responsible for national administration
c) local authorities, which administer and manage many local services and
d) public corporations responsible for the operation of particular nationalized industries or, for example, of a social or cultural service, subject to ministerial control in varying degrees.
The Monarchy
The full royal title of the Queen is: Her Most Excellent Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her Other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
The Queen is only a formal ruler: she reigns but does not rule. In actual fact everything that she does is done on the advice of her ministers, who are responsible for the royal acts. Thus, most of the functions of the Queen are purely of a symbolic nature. The United Kingdom of Great Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as head of State. The organs of government are: Parliament, the executive and the judiciary.
The legislature, Parliament, is the supreme authority. It comprises two chambers — the House of Lords and the House of Commons — together with the Queen in her constitutional role.
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The executive consists of the central Government — that is the Prime Minister and the cabinet and other ministers, who are responsible for initiating and directing the national policy, government departments, local authorities and public corporations.
The judiciary determines common law and interprets status and is independent of both the legislature and the executive. The Government derives its authority from the elected House of Commons. A general election, for all seats in the House of Commons, must be held at least every five years. The Government is normally formed by the political party which is supported by the majority in the House of Commons. The party's leader is Prime Minister. He chooses a team of ministers, of whom 20 or so are the Cabinet. The second largest party becomes Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition with its own leader and "Shadow Cabinet". The House of Commons comprises members from the constituencies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland who represent people whose history and traditions differ.
The House of Lords is a hereditary Chamber.
In Great Britain there is no written constitution, only customs, traditions and precedents.
British Commonwealth
The British Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 49 independent states that have been or still are ruled by Britain. Independent states are "full members of the Commonwealth". Among these states are Barbados, Australia, Kenya, Nigeria, India, Singapore, New Zealand, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Cyprus, etc. Dependent territories (colonies + protectorates) are "Commonwealth countries", among them are Bermuda, the Falkland Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Virgin Islands and others. The new Commonwealth has grown out of the old British Commonwealth and British Empire. In the days of the old Commonwealth the only self-governing nations were Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The population of Australia, New Zealand and Canada (except for the French-speaking Canadians of Quebec) was almost entirely of people of British descent. When the old British Commonwealth and the British Empire came to an end after the Second World War, the new Commonwealth was born. It was born after Britain granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1949. The Commonwealth has no charter, treaty or constitution. The Commonwealth people are drawn from all the world main races, from all continents. The Commonwealth people confess many different religions. Among Commonwealth countries are those in which the dominating religions are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism. The queen is recognized as head of Commonwealth; she is also head of state in 18 countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand. The Commonwealth Secretariat is in London. It is headed by a Secretary-General appointed by the heads of governments of member states. In 1990, for example it was headed by Emeka Anyaoko from Nigeria. The Secretariat promotes consultations, spreads information on matters of Commonwealth interests, organizes meetings and conferences. It coordinates Commonwealth activities related to economic, social and political affairs including youth programs, food, production, technology, science, law and health. Britain plays an active part in the Commonwealth activities, it values the Commonwealth as a means of consulting and cooperating with people of different cultures and perspectives. Britain plays an active part in the work of the Commonwealth Fund for Technical cooperation, established within the Secretariat to provide technical assistance for economic and social development in Commonwealth developing countries, and Britain contributes almost a third of its income. The Fund provides experts to undertake advisory assignments or fill specific posts. It has a special program to help countries develop their exports, production and rural development. This fund also contains a small technical assistance group to give advice in key areas. Britain is a major contributor to the Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan, a system of awards for people of high intellect organized in order to make them study in Commonwealth countries. It was agreed in 1984 that the number of awards would be increased to about 1700 of which Britain would provide some 800.
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Инструкция по выполнению:
- Прочитайте текст и переведите текст устно;
- расскажите в сжатой форме основную информацию.
Форма отчетности: устная работа.
Практическая работа № 23
Тема: Правовые институты англоговорящих стран.
Цель: учиться читать текст с целью извлечения основной информации; Литература: практикум, англо-русские словари
Время выполнения: 2 часа
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