Некоторых английских существительных, характерных для научной и технической литературы 5 страница
careless, about, of
carp, at
catch, at
caution, against
certain, of
change, for, with
characteristic, of
charge, against, on, with
clear, for, from, of
coalesce, with, to
coincide, in, with
comment, on
commit, to, for
common, to (two or more)
commune, with
communicate, to, with
compare, to, with
compatible, with
compete, with, at
complain, of
complement, of
comply, with
composed, by, of
concede, to
conceive,w against, of
concerned, at, for, about, with
concur, in, on, with, at
condemn, to
condescend, to
conduce, to
conductive, to
confer (bestow, grant), on,
upon
confer (consult), on, with confide, ire, to conform (conformable) in conformity, to, with congenial, to congratulate, on, upon connect, with, to conscious, of consecrate, to consent, to consequent, on, upon consign, to consist, ire, of, with consistent, with
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consonant, to, with consult, about, with contend, against, *•'• for, with contradiction, in, to contrast (verb), with contrast (noun), between, to conversant, about, in, with convert (change), into convert (cause to change), to convict (convince), of copy, after, from correspond (correspondence) to,
with
covered, with, in cure, of
dash, against, into, through,
upon
deal, by, in, with debar, from decide, against, in favour of,
on
defend, against, from defer (deference) to defiance, of deficiency, of deficient, in defraud, of
delighted, at, in, to, with demand, from, of denounce, for
depend (dependent), on, upon deprive, of derive, from
derogate (derogation) from derogatory, to descended, from, of deserving (desirous) of desist, from despair (despoil) of destined, to detach (detract, deviate)
from
devolve, on, upon devote; dictate, to die, of (disease), by (famine), for (person, cause)
differ, from (person, thing), in (some quality, opini on), with (someone)
difference, between, (things), in (qualities), on (ques tions)
different, from
difficulty, concerning, in
diminish, from
diminution, of
disabled, from
disagree, to, with
disagreeable, to
disappointed, in, with (thing obtained, person), of (thing not obtained)
disapprove, of
discourage, from
discouragement, to, with
disengaged, from
disgusted, at, with
dislike, to, for, of
dismiss, from
disparagement, to, of
dispense, with
dispose, of, for, to
dispossess, of
dispute, among, between, with
disqualify, for, from
disregard, of
dissastisfied, with, at
dissent, from
dissimilar, to
dissuade, from
distinct, from
distinguish, between, from
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distrustful, divested, of
divide, between (two), among (more)
dote, on
doubt (doubtful) about, of
dwell, at, in, on
eager, after, for, in embark, for, in, upon embellish, with emerge, from
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employ, about, in, on emulous; enamoured, of encounter, with encouragement, to encroach, on, upon endeavour, after, to endowed, endued, with engaged, for, in, on, with enter (entrance) into, on,
upon
envious, at, of equal, with equivalent, of, to estimated, at
exception, against, from, to excluded, from exclusive, of expelled, from expert, at, in explanation, of exposed, to expressive, of
fall, from, on, upon, under
familiar, to, with
fearful, of
feed, on, upon
fight, against, for, with
filled, with
find fault, with
find a fault, in
fond, of
fondness, for
foreign, to
founded, in (quality), on (fact)
free, from, in, of, with
friendly, to, with, towards
frightened, at, by
frown, at, on, upon
fruitful, in, of
full, of
furnished, with
glad, at, of glance, at, over, upon glow; grapple, with grateful, for (favour), to (per son)
greedy, of, for grieve, at, for, over, about guard, against, from guilty, of
hanker, after happen, on, to hardened, against, by have regard, to, for healed, of hesitate, to hinder, from hold, in, from, of hope, of, for hostility, to, towards
identical, with ignorant, of immersed, in impart, to
impatient, at, for, of impenetrable, by, to impervious, to impose, on, upon inaccessible, to incapable, of incentive, to incongruous, with inconsistent, with incorporate, into, with independent, of indifferent, to indignant, with (person) at
(thing)
indulge, in, with indulgent, to influence, on, over, with inform, about, of initiate (initiation), in, into inquire, about, after, for, of inroad, into insensible, of, to inseparable, from insight; insinuate, into insist, on, upon inspection, of, over, into instruct, in
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intent, on, upon interfere, in, with intervene, in, between intimate, with introduce, in, into, to intrude, into, on inured, to invasion, of invested, with
irritated, against, by (person) at, by (thing)
jealous, o/
jeer, at
join, in, to, with
knock, at, on known, to
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laden, with
land; laugh, at
lean, against, on, upon
level, with
liberal, of, to, with
liken, to
live, at, in, on, with
loaded, with
long, after, for
made; make sure, of meddle, with mediate, between meditate, on, upon meet, with militate, against mingle, with minister, to mistrustful, of mix, with
necessary, for, to need; neglectful, of negotiate, with
obedient, to object, against, to oblivious; observant, of
obtrude, on, upon obvious, to offend, against offensive; offer, to operate, on opposite, to, of overwhelm, by, with
parcel, among, out
parley, with
part, from, with
partake, of
partial, to
partiality, for, to
participate, in, of
passion, for
patient, of, under, with
paved, with
pay, for
peculiar, to
penetrate, into, through
persevere, in
pertain, to
pitch, to
play, on, upon, with
pleasant, to
plunge, into
possessed, on, upon,
pour, into, on
praise (noun), for
pray, for, with
predisposed, to, towards
predominate, in, over
prefer, to, above, before
preferable, to
preference, above, before,
over, to prefix, to pregnant, with prejudice, against prejudicial, to prepare, for preserve, for, from preside, over press; presume, on, upon pretence, of pretend, to
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prevail (persuade), on, upon, with (overcome), against, over
prevent, from
previous, to
prey, on, upon
prior, to
productive, of
profit, by «
profitable; prone, to
pronouncement, against (per son), on (thing)
propose, to
protect (others), from (oneself), against
protest,; against
proud, of
provide, against, for, with
proximity, to
purge, of, from
pursuance; pursuit, of
pursuant, to
quarrel, about, among, with
quarter, on, upon
questioned, by, on, about
rail, at
reckon, on, with
recline, on, upon
recoil, from
reconcile, to, with
recover, from
reduce, to, under
refer, to
reflect, on, upon
refrain, from
regard, for, to
regret, for
regular, in
rejoice, at, in, on account of
relate, to
release; relieve, from
relevant, to
relish, for, of
rely, on
remain, at, in
remark, on, upon
remit, to remonstrate, against
(thing), for (action), with
(person) remove, from repent, of replete, with repose, on repugnant, to rescue, from resemblance, between, to resistance, to resolve, on, upon rest, at, in, on restore, from, to restrain, from result, from, in retire, from, to rich, in rid, rob, of rove, about, over rub, against rule, over rush, against, on, upon, to, out
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of
sated, satiated; satisfied; saturated, with saved, from seek, after, for, to seize, on, upon send, for, to sensible, of sensitive, to sick; significant, of similar, to
sink, beneath, in, into sit, in, on, upon skilful, at, in snap; snatch; sneer, at solicitous, about, for sorry, for stay, at, in, with stick, by, to strip, of
strive, against, for, with subject; submissive; submit, to
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subsequent, to substitute, for, by subtract; suffer, from suitable, for, to superior, to surprised, at, by suspected, by, of susceptible (admitting), of susceptible (sensitive), to swerve, from sympathise, with
take account, of tamper, with
taste,./or (something wanted), of (something possessed) tax, for, with tend, towards, to tendency; testimonial, to thankful, for think, about, of, on thirst, after, for touch, at, with triumph, over
troublesome; true, to trust, in, to
unison, with unite, to, with useful, in, for, to
value, on, upon
variance, with
vary, from, in, with
versed, in
vest, ire (person) with (thing)
vexed, with
wait, at, for, on weary, of weep, at, for with a view, to, of witness, to worthy, of
yearn, for, towards yield, to yoke, with
zealous, for
§ 101. Три функции предлога with.
1) With с лексическими значениями «с», «в случае», «по отно шению к», «в зависимости от», «при наличии», «при помощи», «при», «на»;
2) With, обозначающий отношения, выражаемые в русском языке творительным падежом (см. § 136);
3) With в начале абсолютного причастного оборота (см. § 197). Приведем примеры из научной и технической литературы на
малоизвестные лексические значения предлога with.
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Воспламенение при соприкосновении с воздухом наблюдается в случае большого числа металлоорганических соединений. «Ignition upon exposure to air is observed with a large number of organo-metallic compounds».
В случае перфтор-орто- и пара-ксилола последовательность фторирования и дефторирования не затрагивает миграции алкиль-ной группы. <sWith perfluoro-ortho- and para-xylene the sequence of fluorination and defluorination does not involve migration of an alkyl group».
Поскольку Фишер получил первые молекулы этого типа, он, наряду с Абдергальденом, был первым ученым, который исследовал поведение этих молекул по отношению к энзимам. «Inasmuch
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as Fisher had prepared the first molecules of this type, he, together with Abderhalden, were the earliest workers to investigate their behavior with enzymes».
Свойства этих соединений изменяются в зависимости от содержания азота. «The properties of these compounds vary with the nitrogen».
Слова имеют общее свойство — изменять свое значение в за висимости от применения; термины, используемые в химии, не являются исключением. «Words have the common property of changing their meaning with use, and the terms used in chemistry are no exception».
При наличии меньшего количества клеток все клетки агглютинируются. «With smaller numbers of cells, all of the cells are agglutinated».
Общее мертвое пространство в колбе определяют при помо щи гелия. «The total dead space in the bulb is determined with helium».
При более мелкой насадке перепад давления возрастает и производительность уменьшается. «With finer packing the pressure drop increases and the throughput decreases».
Лисбон и Каррер подтвердили этот солевой эффект на трех различных фагах. «Lisbonne and Carrere confirmed this salt effect with three different phages».
§ 102. Три значения предлога over.
Помимо общеизвестного значения «над», это слово имеет два других значения, часто встречающихся в научной и технической литературе:
1) «на протяжении», «по всей...»;
2) «по сравнению с». Например:
Сталелитейная промышленность широко распространена по !зсей стране. «The steel industry is widely distributed over the country».
Атому натрия отдается некоторое предпочтение по сравнению •с атомом водорода. «The sodium atom is favored slightly over the •hydrogen ion».
Потенциалы углерода и азота возрастают по сравнению с потенциалом бора. «The potentials of carbon and nitrogen increase •over that of boron».
В определенном интервале скоростей истечения эффективная толщина гидродинамической пленки вокруг каждой частицы обратно пропорциональна скорости истечения. «Over a certain range of flow rates, the effective thickness of the hydrodynamic film round each particle is inversely proportional to the flow rate».
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§ 103. Предлог by + инговая форма (герунд и и).
Это сочетание соответствует русским конструкциям: «посредством + существительное», «путем -\- существительное», «тем что + глагол» или деепричастию.
Например:
Один из атомов кольца отличается от остальных пяти тем, что имеет большее родство с электронами. «One of the atoms of the ring is distinguished from the remaining five by having a greater attraction for electrons».
Равновесие устанавливают путем регулирования, положения стержней. «Balancing is done by adjusting the position of rods».
Было найдено, что для поставленной цели путем сравнения, высоты соответствующих пиков на диаграммах вымывания можно с достаточной точностью вычислить соотношение между изо-н нормальными парафинами. «It was found that the proportion of iso- to normal paraffins could be estimated with sufficient accuracy for the purpose in view by comparing the respective peak heights in the elution diagrams».
Это осуществляется путем применения двух газовых каналов и проволоки. «This is done by employing two gas channels and wires».
§ 104. Предлог in + инговая форма (герундий).
Это сочетание соответствует русским конструкциям: «при + су ществительное, «тем, что (в том, что) + глагол» или деепричастию.
Например:
Эти вещества отличаются только тем, что являются, зеркальными изображениями друг друга. «These substances differ only in being mirror images».
Еще один, последний, метод заслуживает специального упоминания, так как его время от времени используют при измерении площади поверхности катализаторов. «One final method deserves special mention because it has from time to time been used in mea suring the surface area of catalyst».
С другой стороны, 9-фенантрол напоминает остальные фенантролы тем, что в значительной степени является энольным. «On the other hand 9-phenanthrol resembles the remaining phenanthrols in being largely enolic».
Шкала столь коротка, что относительная ошибка при отсчете отклонения становится значительной. «The scale is so short that the relative error in reading the deflection becomes appreciable».
По-видимому, при определении скорости полимеризации большое значение имеет характер поверхности раздела фаз. «The nature of the interface appears to be of great importance in determining the rate of polymerization».
' А. Л. Пумпянский 29
§ 105. Предлог under + существительное.
Это сочетание соответствует русскому причастию: under investigation — «исследуемый», under consideration — «рассматриваемый».
На этой стадии вводят исследуемое вещество.
«At this point the material under examination is fed».
§ 106. Предложное сочетание not until (till) -(-указание на время.
Это сочетание часто употребляется в отрицательном предложении, которому в русском языке соответствует утвердительное предложение со словами «лишь», «только» (см. § 128).
Например:
Реакция началась лишь на следующее утро. «The reaction did not start until the next morning».
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