Некоторых английских существительных, характерных для научной и технической литературы 3 страница
§ 84. Место в предложении наречий образа действия, придающих качественную характеристику глаголам, типа: mainly, largely, markedly, readily, easily, accurately, slowly, gradually, closely, effectively, immediately, reversibly, exclusively, satisfactorily, normally, unequivocally, unambiguously, tentatively, virtually.
Как и наречия времени, эти наречия не имеют определенного места в предложении.
Например:
In other cases, where some of the products do not crystallise easily, these could not be isolated.
Osmium pentafluoride melts at 70° to a green, viscous liquid which does not easily recrystallise. The liquid changes colour re versibly as the temperature is raised and at the boiling point (233°)
107
is bright blue. Osmium pentafluoride can be handled and stored in glass under rigorously dry conditions. This cannot readily be achieved without introducing steps the chemistry of which cannot be visualised in detail. Analytical results prove that reduction occurs more readily in 24n- than in!6n-sulphuric acid. Their susceptibilities obey a Curie law quite closely. The liquids selected do not follow the principle of corresponding states accurately and it is concluded that their intermolecular forces are not conformal. The pronounced effect of additions of acetaldehyde shows it to give more vigorous branching than crotonaldehyde despite the fact that radical attack takes place preferentially on the latter. In another experiment, ammonia and ammonium chloride were added and the ammonia was immediately removed at low temperature to minimise ammonolysis of the aminoborine. At room temperature, the solid gradually lost hydrogen. As is to be expected, this effect is displayed most markedly by the strongest acid used. The ultraviolet and infrared spectra of ocotine are closely related to those of sepeerine and rodiasine. The group is found to consist of molecules all of which are effectively spherical. It is virtually identical with the spectrum given by a solution of acetophenone and m-dinitrobenzene in alkali of the same concentration. This model has mainly been built up from physical evidence. For condensed phases, however, conformity of physical properties to corresponding states has not been so ex tensively investigated. Previous «rules» relating to the entropy of vaporisation have been concerned mainly with the entropy difference between a liquid and vapour. This lack of interest has been largely due to the difficulty of synthesis. In most cases iodometric thiol determinations showed that acylation had occurred almost exclusively on thehydroxyl rather than on a thiol group. The titanium atom is normally considered to have a covalency maximum of six. The presence of these compounds has not been established unequi vocally. At these temperatures the reaction is complex, and it is difficult to set up a mechanism which satisfies unambiguously all the observed facts. Ocotine can be assigned tentatively the molecular formula С35Нз8Лт2Ов. It is tentatively suggested that, in the solid, the anions are polymeric. They suggest the formation of B-H bonds in the pyrolysis product, which might therefore be tentati vely formulated as follows. The structure of the long-known series of compounds has never been satisfactorily explained.
|
|
|
Следующий отрывок иллюстрирует разные варианты расположения наречий образа действия в группе сказуемого:
Although acid-hydrolysis of the product KH2N, B2H6 was fairly rapid, alkaline hydrolysis was slow and incomplete. The solid salt slowly evolved hydrogen at 150°, but no diborane or borazole. Tri-methylamine reacted very slowly and incompletely. These facts do not support a formula KH3B—NH2-BH3 for the salt, from which diborane or borazole would be expected as pyrolysis products, from
108
which trimethylamine might readily remove a borane group as Me3N' BH3, and which would be hydrolysed readily in acid or alkaline solution. The rapid acid and slow alkaline hydrolysis observed are however characteristic of an alkali-metal borohydride; this would not react readily with trimethylamine and would not decompose easily when heated. If the apparent KH2N, B2H6 does contain the borohydride KBH4, then the other constituent is probably polymerised aminoborine, H2N,BH2, and this also would not react with trimethylamine and would slowly yield hydrogen on being heated. The difficulty of completely replacing the methyl groups could then be explained if these were present in the polymeric aminoborine; their presence in the borohydride anion is much less probable. Potassium borohydride is soluble in liquid ammonia without reaction; aminoborine is slowly ammonolysed. The solid KH2N,B2He in liquid ammonia only evolved hydrogen very slowly even above 33°, but addition of ammonium chloride produced rapid evolution at low temperature.
|
|
|
§ 85. Место в предложении наречий, характеризующих научные и технические процессы, типа: mechanically, electrically, electrolytically, botani-cally, conductometrically, colorimetrically, potentiometrically, ехот thermally, thermodynamically, azeotropically, gravimetrically, ste-reochemically, fractionally, structurally, quantitatively, qualitatively.
Подобные наречия очень часто встречаются в научной и технической литературе и, как правило, стоят после того глагола, который они характеризуют. Например:
The technique consisted of making up mole-fractions by weight, sealing in Pyrex tubes, and rotating mechanically in a thermostat. The temperature was controlled electrically to + 0,05°.
Today over 90 per cent of all tin plate is produced electrolytically. The authors wish to acknowledge the kindness of Mr. B. J. Rendle for examining the timbers botanically. The stepwise replacement of aquo-by amine-groups can be followed by titrating sulphitotriaquo-palladium (II) with ammonia, both conductometrically and potentio metrically. The compound dissolves exothermally in water to give a brown solution and a small precipitate of hydrated osmium dioxide. The criterion adopted is related thermodynamically to the Barclay-Butler equation between heats and entropies of vaporisation. Benzene was added and the water was removed azeotropically. Iodine was determined gravimetrically as silver iodide. It was considered that this would stereochemically be unfavourable for proton-loss, and would therefore allow this process to occur predominantly in the methyl groups. The acid-insoluble SPNC was fractionally crystallised to give 712 g. of tetramer (m. 122°), 515 g. of a mixed
|
|
|
109
polymer fraction (69% of trimer, 20% of tetramer), 808 g. of a mixture of oil and crystals, and a light yellow oil.
§ 86. Место наречий, относящихся к про д-л о ж е н и ю в целом, типа: fortunately, regrettably, unfortunately, undoubtedly, surprisingly (enough), obviously; originally, subsequently, eventually, finally; mathematically, physically, politically, scientifically, industrially; qualitatively, quantitatively.
Подобные наречия обычно характеризуют все предложение и являются вводными словами. Большей частью эти наречия ставятся в начале предложения.
Например:
Fortunately the methanol solvate of the ester (VII) could be converted into the solvent-free compound without loss of crystal-limly. Regrettably there have been no new world shaft-sinking records established during Congress, though indications are that at least one attempt will be made later this year. Unfortunately, the structure of Meinhard's compound is open to doubt. Undoubtedly, the syrupy triketal fraction was a mixture of various isomeric forms. Surprisingly, perhaps, chromatographically homogeneous 1,3-0-benzylideneglycerol showed absorption at 3633 and 3593 cm"1. Obviously, the product formed from benzylsodium on prolonged storage is a poor initiator. Finally, positive proof of the presence of a methyl group on N(a) excludes structures in which N(a) is common to two rings, as in mavacurine and hunterine. Subsequently a number of the reactions with metal salts were investigated. Fi nally, heating at 200° produced more hydrogen than required by the reaction. Eventually, the system will contain only N- and 0-acetylethanolamine, the latter in an amount equivalent to that of acid originally added. Mathematically, there is no difference between this treatment and that described later in Section V. Physi cally, this may be regarded as an attraction of the surface for the ions immediately below it. Qualitatively, this is not unexpected.
|
|
|
Примечание. Однако указанные выше наречия встречаются иногда в середине предложения, по-видимому, в тех случаях, когда на них делается более слабое логическое ударение. Например:
Reaction between twTo benzyl radicals could lead eventually to phenanthrene or anthracene.
§ 87. Роль наречий, характеризующих отношение автора к высказыванию и являющихся эквивалентом глаголов-характеристик (см. §221), типа: admittedly, announcedly, apparently, conceivably, reportedly, reputedly, seemingly, supposedly.
Эти наречия иногда употребляются вместо безличных предложений с глаголом-характеристикой, как например, it is admitted,
110
it is announced, it is apparent, it is conceived, it is reported, it is reputed, it seems, it is supposed и их эквивалентов в обороте «Подлежащее с инфинитивом» (см. § 211). Несмотря на то, что их употребление значительно сокращает предложение, они все же встречаются относительно реже.
Например:
Считают, что эти толкования являются предположительными. «These interpretations are admittedly conjectural».
Как сообщают, это очень сильный реагент. «This is, announ- cedly, a very powerful reagent».
По-видимому, группы в трансположении препятствуют этой реакции. «The groups in the «trans position» apparently prevent this reaction».
Можно предположить, что в качестве промежуточного соединения образовался дибромгидрин VI. «Dibromohydrin VI concei vably could be produced as an intermediate».
Как сообщалось, силикагидрогель готовили, смешивая разбавленный силикат натрия и серную кислоту в деревянных ретортах. «Silica hydrogel reportedly was prepared by combination of dilute sodium silicate and sulfuric acid in wooden tanks».
По-видимому, это соединение труднорастворимо в концентрированном растворе гидроокиси аммония. «The compound is seemingly difficultly soluble in concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution».
Это противоречие, по-видимому, указывает на разные механизмы образования бензола. «This discrepancy seemingly indicates different mechanisms of benzene formation».
Эфир трифенилкарбинола, фигурирующий в уравнении, претерпевает тетрасульфонирование, предположительно (как можно предположить), в указанных положениях. «The triphenylcarbinol ether shown in the equation undergoes tetrasulfonation, supposedly in the positions indicated».
Можно предположить, что имела место частичная рацемизация. «A partial racemization could supposedly take place».
Для простого случая можно было бы себе представить, что разделение осуществляется посредством очень простого прибора. «In a simple case, a separation could conceivably be carried out with very simple equipment».
§ 88. Роль и место в предложении наречий типа: however, nevertheless, again, also, now, thus, on the other hand, alternatively, further, furthermore, conversely, therefore, in fact (см. подробнее § 89—94).
В научной и технической литературе подобные наречия играют очень важную роль, поскольку они связывают отдельные звенья рассуждения и обеспечивают логические связи между двумя предложениями. В русском языке такие наречия обычно стоят в
Ш
начале предложения, в английском они очень часто ставятся веере-дине предложения, а при наличии составного сказуемого — после вспомогательного глагола или глагола-связки.
Например:
Однако дело не обстоит так в случае З-фенил-2-пентил-тозила-тов. «This is not so, however, in the case of the 3-phenyl-2-pentyl tosylates».
Тем не менее было трудно получить однозначное прямое подтверждение для наличия амино-группы. «Unequivocal direct confirmation for the presence of an amino-group was nevertheless difficult to obtain».
Еще примеры:
Quantum-mechanical tunnelling in proton-transfer should be more easily detected the lower the temperature, and it is therefore of interest to measure the rates of such reactions at temperatures as low as possible.
We have also shown that with Grignard reagents aromatic thiol-acids give triarylmethanethiols.
We have now examined in some detail the reaction of titanium (IV) chloride with three primary aliphatic amines.
We have in fact found that solvolysis is greater with primary than with secondary amines. Both types of structure, however, contain phosphorus in three different environments, and should therefore exhibit three nuclear magnetic resonances. Only the intramolecular second moment was therefore calculated from the published data. At temperature above the optimum, on the other hand, the reaction takes place more rapidly but the catalyst is more rapidly destroyed. A given carbohydrase, on the other hand, has always the same optimum pH, even when acting upon different substrates.
Тем не менее нередко возможны случаи употребления вводных слов в начале предложения.
Например:
It may be that an internal radical or ion rearrangement is occurring. Alternatively the radical might be formed by attack by D or D+ when the incoming particle might be confined to certain geometrical paths by virtue of the crystal structure. On the other hand there are a number of elements, whose salts form stronger adducts with sulphides than they do with oxygen-ethers. On the other hand, the polymerization initiated by the transformed benzylsodium produced a polymer. Further, the intensity of the characteristic peak at 505 m. was a maximum immediately the ketone had been mixed with alkali; in contrast, the intensity of the absorption band in a mixture of acetophenone, m-dinitrobenzene, and alcoholic potassium hydroxide increased steadily with time. Furthermore, spectroscopic examination of the coloured solutions produced in the test shows that the maximum absorption in the visible region is shifted to longer wavelength.
112
Русские эквиваленты
некоторых английских наречий, характерных для научной п технической литературы
§ 89. However. Л. и М. Физер сравнивают четыре варианта одного предложения с различным положением however1.
1. The Schmidt reaction has been run with as much as six moles of hydrazoic acid at one time, however.
2. However, the Schmidt reaction has been run with as much as six moles of hydrazoic acid at one time.
3. The Schmidt reaction has been run, however, with as much as six moles of hydrazoic acid at one time.
4. The Schmidt reaction, however, has been run with as much asjsix moles of hydrazoic acid at one time.
i. Они отмечают, что в первом случае however занимает незаслуженно важное положение, во втором случае логическое ударение на него не оправдано, в третьем предложении оно становится незаметным и основное ударение падает на at one time. Поскольку данное предложение является частью параграфа, в котором проводится сравнение между реакцией Шмидта и другими реакциями,— заключают они,— наиболее эффективным является четвертый вариант 1, что действительно подтверждается многими примерами при анализе английской научной и технической литературы: In addition to these permissive arguments, however, there is more direct evidence that the hydrogen atom is taking part in the rate-controlling step of the reaction. It has, however, been pointed out that the only available experimental measurements do not support this suggestion. Theoretical studies of this model have, however, not been taken far enough to establish whether it provides an explanation of the behaviour of the quasi-spherical polyatomic molecules described in the present paper. They are generally in good agreement, however, with the results from the densimetric and X-ray methods within the limits of experimental error.
All these features suggest aromatic character. The ring differs, however, from that in benzene in that the formation of я-bonds requires the use of a d-orbital at the phosphorus atom.
В «Style Book», составленной О. Горчаковым (Москва, 1957), отмечается, что however следует ставить после первой значимой единицы, что, в основном, соответствует приведённым выше примерам.
• -: Наряду с этим нельзя не обратить внимание на многочисленные случаи употребления however в начале предложения. Возможно, что в таком случае however имеет более категорическое значение «однако»,;в то время как находясь в середине предложения,
1 L. and М. Г i e s e r. Op. cit., p. 23. 8 А. Л. Пумпянский
however скорее приближается к значению «тем не менее». Например:
Neither preparation had a significant effect on the production of maltose from amylopectin-p-amylase or Floridean starch-p-amylase systems; by this criterion gross contamination with-a-amy-lase could be ruled out. However, when amylose, amylose (3-dextrin, or amylopectin p-dextrin was used as substrate, and assay was by iodine-staining and reducing power or viscosity, the presence of a trace of oc-amylase was established.
Although the tendency of trans-l,3-0-benzylideneglycerol to isomerise in the presence of acid has not been studied the cis-isomer is known to be sensitive to acid and to be rapidly and predominantly converted into 1,2-0-benzylideneglycerol. However, treatment of cis- and trans-l-3-O-benzylideneglycerol with pyridine-benzene-hydrogen chloride at 30° for 24 hr. had little effect.
From Table 2 it is obvious that the behaviour of the remaining three tervalent vanadium complexes we have studied is very similar to that of the alum. However, in view of the Weiss constant of 14°, not too much significance can be placed on the result for the malonate.
All of the points obtained fell on a plateau, and the form of the isotherm at lower pressures can only be supposed to be similar to that for untreated firebrick. However, it is clear from the diagrams that saturation of the treated firebrick is reached at about one tenth of the equilibrium pressure for saturated untreated firebrick.
In principle the estimation of relative nucleophilicities in this system should not be difficult because the reactions are effectively irreversible, and so product yields should be directly proportional to the individual rates of reaction. However, other factors complicate such an analysis. The comparison of hydroxide and etho-xide ions, for example, is impracticable because of the base-catalysed exchange of OH by OEt with the hydroxy-compound (I) in ethanol. However, it can be shown that ethoxide ion is a stronger nucleophile towards the N-cyanoquinolinium ion than is the t-bu-tyl hydroperoxide ion, for only the ethoxy-compound (II) can be recovered from an equimolar solution with sodium t-butyl peroxide and sodium ethoxide in ethanol.
Дата добавления: 2019-09-13; просмотров: 156; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!