III. Translate the following Russian word combinations into English.
Вариант 1
I. Прочитайте и переведите текст «Essential parts of a Diesel Engine» на русский язык.
The diesel engine in its main features is composed of the following parts:
Bedplate (engine frame) and crankcase.
These two parts make a supporting structure to hold the cylinders, crankshaft and main bearings in firm relation to each other. The crankcase (mostly steel) serves as oil sump for the forced lubrication system. Cylinders are of cast iron. They are clamped to the frame by means of long through-bolts which transmit the combustion pressure in the cylinders direct to the frame without causing tensile stresses. The cylinders are provided with large removable inspection doors through which the cooling water spaces may be inspected and cleaned. Cylinder covers (heads) close the top end of the cylinders.
Cylinder liners.
The liner is a comparatively thin cylinder, flanged at the upper end and slightly thickened at its lower end in the way of the packing grooves. The bore is carefully finished to ensure perfect roundness and uniform diameter. The finish is given by boring, grinding or reaming, but of these three methods the first is most generally used. For high grade work it is general practice to finish the interior surfaces of diesel engine liners by grinding, followed by honing. The outside surface of the liner is rough turned. Owing to the fact that the maximum pressure, occurs at the top of the liner and the minimum at the lower end of the stroke the thickness usually tapers toward the bottom to about one-half that at the top. In the 4-cycle liners it is frequently necessary to make recess at the top to provide clearance for the inlet and exhaust valves, which can be placed close enough together in the head to clear the liner. The holes for admission of the lubricating oil are placed at the height that will coin-side with the second piston ring from the top when the piston is at the end of the down stroke.
Piston and piston rings.
The piston is made of steel, cast iron or special alloy which is highly resistant to heat stresses. The piston has a long life. According to size, the piston is provided with piston rings to produce compression and scraper rings to prevent lubricating oil from penetrating into the combustion chamber, where it would burn and deposit coke. The correct function of the scraper rings contributes to the low lubricating oil consumption.
Connecting rods.
The connecting rod is made of steel. The connecting rod connects the piston to the crank on the crankshaft. It transmits force in either direction from the piston to the crank on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is made of forged steel. It has bored ducts conveying the forced lubrication oil to all bearings. Valves serve to admit the air and to discharge the spent or exhaust gases. The camshaft is of steel and is driven from the crankshaft through gear wheels. The bearings are roller and ball bearings. The cams are of case hardened steel. The camshaft drives the fuel pumps, one for each cylinder. The flywheel is a heavy wheel fastened to the crankshaft. Its purpose is to keep the engine running smoothly from the time of one power stroke to the next power stroke. Large-size diesels are often double acting. Then there is included with the above a crosshead and a piston rod.
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II. Read and translate words and word-expressions.
Main features, supporting structure, engine frame, in firm relations to each other, to serve as forced lubrication system, cast iron, hardened steel, combustion pressure, without causing, tensile stress, removable inspection doors, cooling water spaces, thin cylinder, flanged at the upper end, in the way of the packing grooves, perfect roundness, is most generally used, high grade work, it is general practice, is rough turned, to be highly resistant, a long life, according to, in either direction, to convey, gear wheels, forged steel, heavy wheel, to keep running, is including with the above, following parts, its purpose.
III. Translate the following Russian word combinations into English.
Состоять из, фундаментная рама, удерживать, рамовый подшипник, картер, сделан из, при помощи, соединять, можно осмотреть и почистить, крышка цилиндра, сверху, сравнительно тонкий, утолщать, нижняя (верхняя) часть, тщательно обрабатывать, со- вершенная форма, расточка, шлифовка, поршневые кольца, особый сплав, камера сгорания, гореть, коксоваться, малый расход (топлива, воды), соединить с кривошипом, пере- давать, отверстия, отработанные газы, приводиться от, шестерни, по одному на каждый, крупногабаритный, крейцкопф.
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IV. Finish the sentences.
1. The diesel engine is composed of …
2. This supporting structure hold …
3. The crankcase serves as …
4. Cylinders are clamped to …
5. The liner is …
6. The piston is provided …
7. The connecting rod connects …
8. Valves serve to …
9. The flywheel purpose is to …
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