The Infinitive/-ing form/Participles
| Forms of the Infinitive | Forms of the -ing form | |||
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| Present | (to) type | (to) be typed (V3) | being typed (V3) | |
| Present Continuous | (to) be typing | typing | ||
| Perfect | (to) have typed (V3) | (to) have been typed (V3) | having typed (V3) | having been typed (V3) |
| Perfect Continuous | (to) have been typing | |||
Forms of the infinitive corresponding to verb tenses:
| Present Simple/Future Simple | → Present Infinitive ( It refers to present or future ) | he drives/he will drive → (to) drive 1. She wants to talk to him now. (present) 2. Sandra wants to move to a new house next year. (future) 3. He hopes to be given a pay rise soon. (passive) |
| Present Continuous/Future Continuous | → Present Continuous Infinitive ( It describes an action happening now) | he is driving/he will be driving → (to) be driving He is believed to be hiding somewhere in the mountains. |
| Past Simple/Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Future Perfect | → Perfect Infinitive (It refers to the past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb.) | he drove/he has driven/he had driven/he will have driven → (to) have driven 1. She claims to have met Richard Gere. (First she met Richard Gere, then she claimed that she had met him.) 2. He is said to have been injured in an accident. |
| Past Cont./Present Perfect Cont./Past Perfect Cont./Future Perfect Cont. | → Perfect Continuous Infinitive ( I t refers to the past and emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb. It Is used with verbs such as appear, believe, know, claim, expect, seem and the modal verbs.) | he was driving/he has been driving/he had been driving/he will have been driving → (to) have been driving She is tired. She claims to have been working hard lately. (We emphasise what she has been doing lately.) |
| The to-infinitive is used: | |
| 1. to express purpose. | • She lied to avoid being punished. • She went to the bank to get some money. |
| 2. after certain verbs (advise, afford, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want etc.). | • He promised to be back at 11.00. • My friend advised me to apply for the job. |
| 3. after certain adjectives (difficult, glad, happy, obliged, sorry, unable, nice, willing, afraid, ashamed etc.). | • He was happy to hear he had been promoted. |
| 4. after would like/would love /would prefer to express specific preference. | • I’d prefer to stay in tonight. • I would like to learn a foreign language. |
| 5. after certain nouns. | • It’s my privilege to present the winner of the competition. |
| 6. after too/enough constructions. | • It’s too late to go now. • She’s experienced enough to be appointed Sales Manager. He’s got enough patience to cope with children. |
| 7. after: be + the first/second etc.; next/last/best etc. | • You’ll be the first to break the news. |
| 8. with: it + be + adjective (+of + noun/pronoun) | • It was rude of him to speak like that. |
| 9. with: so + adjective + as | • Would you be so kind as to help me with the washing? |
| 10. with only expressing an unsatisfactory result. | • She went there only to find the meeting had been called off. |
| 11. in the expression: for + noun/pronoun + to-inf. | • For Mary to behave like that was very unusual. |
| 12. after verbs (know, decide, ask, learn, remember, want to know etc.) when they are followed by question words. | • I can’t decide where to go. |
| 13. in the expressions (to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest, to start with, to sum up etc.) | • To begin with, I’d like to introduce our new manager, Mr Jones. |
| 14. after dare to express challenge. | • I dare you to jump over the fence. |
| 15. after be heard/be made/be seen. | • She was made to work overtime. |
| The infinitive without to is used:
| |||
| 1. after modal verbs (can, may, will, would etc.). | • You may use the phone. | ||
| 2. after had better/would rather/would sooner. | • I’d rather have an early night. • You had better sign the contract. | ||
| 3. after feel/hear/let/make/see in the active. | • Will you let me play in the garden? • They made him pay for the damage. | ||
| 4. after dare to express anger, threat or warning. | • Don’t you dare come back late.. | ||
| 5. after hear, feel, notice, listen, see, watch to express a complete action, something that one saw, heard etc. from beginning to end. | • I saw the car crash into the shop window. (I saw all the action.) • I heard Jack talk on the phone. (I heard the whole conversation from beginning to end.) | ||
| The -ing form is used:
 Мы поможем в написании ваших работ! | |||||