Water quality evaluation of Citarum River, Java, Indonesia
Le BRAS Eloïse
Master of Sciences in Environmental Management, Kiel School of Sustainability, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Germay
Country: Germany
Citarum is the longest and largest river in West Java. It has an important role in the life of the people of West Java, as it supports agriculture, water supply, fishery, industry, sewerage, and electricity. It is listed as one of the most polluted rivers in the world, and this heavy pollution is due to human activity; about twenty five million people live in this region, with the two big cities of Bandung and Jakarta.
There are diverse sources of pollutants and various pollutants’ types. Those problems are mostly due to an increased urbanization, untreated domestic sewage, solid waste disposal and industrial wastewater. In this region, people are not only facing a water quality problem, but as well erosion and flooding. Erosion happens because of excessive farming, deforestation and the growth of seasonal crops, whereas flooding occurs due to land-use changes (as well deforestation decrease water retention capacity) and rapid urbanization (asphalt). The sediment due to erosion are trapped in the reservoirs, in the river bed and in the delta, and flooding are worse. The water quality evaluation system (WQES) has two main objectives: to determine the actual water quality and to classify its suitability for different uses. The Government's Clean Rivers Program created in the late 1980’s is an innovative cooperation-based approach to industrial pollution control. Sadly, this program wasn’t sustained and over a total of 500 large factories of the Bandung area, only approximately 100 are participating in the program. The bad quality of this river is recognized, but taking measurement is complex for the government in reason of the variety of stakeholder with different interests. Water is the source of life, and its presence or absence is ruling all the ecosystem. In Citarum ‘ s basin, a inadequate management would lead to severe flood events, but as well to threat of extreme drought and wildfires. This is mainly due to a lack of training and equipment, low level community participation. We would need a community participation at a local, regional and national scale for improving the organizational systems and staff. Regulatory enforcement needs to be combined with public education and support in order to be effective. Sanctions based on the “polluters pay” principle should be applied. An integrated action is needed resulting in the cooperation of government with climate specialists.
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Le Méné: a community in France aiming energy self-sufficiency
Le BRAS Eloïse
Master of Sciences in Environmental Management, Kiel School of Sustainability, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Germany
Country: Germany
Energy is one of the most essential elements for the socio-economic development and economic growth of any country. The role of renewable energy sources is growing day by day, as more countries harness the power of wind, water, sun etc… to meet their energy requirements. The aforementioned sources will not only boost independency of energy but will also help in numerous other ways, such as the mitigation of climate change, development of rural areas, improvements in health status and will also be one of the best ways to move towards the end goal of sustainable development. Renewable energy sources, such as the wind energy, are identified by International Energy Agency as a key element to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and as a vital tool to combat the global warming.
Not only that, since 65 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions are due to the use and production of energy, it is fair to say that the sustainability of growth can partially be improved by changing the energy mix towards renewables. It is next to impossible to have a single renewable energy type that can replace fossil energies, therefore, a combination of various types of renewable energy is necessary in order to achieve a sufficient energy production.
The commune “Le Mené” is a good example of community realizing an energy mix for being more autonomous, sustainable, and for protecting the environment. This community can be seen as an ecological design which contributes as well to improve the places of residence.
To date, the energy self-sufficiency of this community is up to 27% and the goal is to reach the 50% by 2050. In this study-case, firstly we will focus on a general presentation of the energy mix of this community: oil production from colza, biogas digester and wind farm. Secondly, we will focus on the wind-hydrogen system.
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Fermentation of sedimentation sludge: production of bio-gas for nourishing Arthrospira platensis culture
Le BRAS Eloïse
Master of Sciences in Environmental Management, Kiel School of Sustainability, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Germany
Country: Germany
Toliara is a city of 12 000 inhabitants and is located in the South-west of Madagascar, in a semi-arid / semi-desertic region, with less than 400 mm annual rainfall. The hard conditions in this desertic region make it impossible to produce food in sufficient quantity. In Madagascar, 1 child out of 2 is suffering under chronic malnutrition, and 35% of the mortality under 5 years old is because of malnutrition (World Bank, 2016). Moreover, the drought period in the South leads to insufficient water resources, and the situation is getting worse with the sea level rise and rural exodus leading to over-pumping and seawater infiltration. All those factors lead to the persistence of starvation in this region, despite the efforts made by NGOs and development agencies. An improvement to this situation could be done by the development of the culture of spirulina, providing in the same time local employment, which is really benefic to this region having a high jobless rate.
Arthrospira platensis, commonly called Spirulina, is a microalga, or more precisely a cyanobacterium. Sometimes called "the precursor of life", this microalgae has tremendous nourishing power (high quantity of natural proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, pigments and enzymes) and incredible characteristics in medical field. It has a high potential and wide range of other uses (food processing, cosmetic, industry) and especially interest in treating wastewater. Spirulina fulfils all conditions for an eco-friendly source of nutrition since it can reduce greenhouse gases by absorbing CO2, and it can develop a sustainable economic development and local food supply for the future.
This paper offers a synthetic overview of Arthrospira platensis: after a description of both its physiology and the manner to grow it, the start-up Equitalgue in Madagascar is presented, and finally the principles of some experiences are explained. Those experiences are based on the idea to better understand the anaerobic digestion process realized with sedimentation sludge from the culture of spirulina. Obtaining more information on this digestion will be useful for adapting it at a large scale; this would transform the sludge –which were until now considered as wastes- into valuable biomass for producing biogas. This biogas will in turn represent a cheap and local carbon source for feeding the culture.
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