EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF TECHNOGENIC CHARACTER
Chapter 3. Emergency situations
3.1. Basic concepts and definitions
Any human activity is potentially dangerous, and the dangers have permanent character.
Potential danger is a hidden danger which is not determined in time and space.
Emergency situation (ES) is a situation happening in a certain area, as a result of an incident, dangerous natural phenomenon, accident, natural or any other disaster, which can result in or have already resulted in victims, damage to people’s health or to the environment, serious material releasees and disturbance of people’s life conditions.
Emergency event is a deviance from normal processes or phenomena.
Accident is an emergency situation of technogenic type, occurred because of constructive, industrial, technological or maintenance reasons or because of accidental external impacts. They result in breakdown, destruction of technical devices or structures.
Industrial or traffic accident is a serious accident which has involved human victims, serious material damage and other serious consequences.
The dangerous natural phenomenon is a spontaneous event of a natural origin which by its intensity, area distribution and duration can cause negative consequences for people’s life activity, economics and environment.
Natural disaster is a catastrophic natural phenomenon (or process) which can cause numerous human victims, large material damage and other heavy consequences.
Ecological catastrophe (ecological disaster) – extremely large scale emergency caused by change (under the influence of anthropogenic factors) in soil, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere state, which is accompanied by mass mortality of living organisms and economic damage.
Classification of emergency situations
All emergency situations (ES) can be classified by three basic principles – distribution area, rate of growth and origin.
Local (individual) emergency situations which in terms of territory and formally do not extend beyond the area of a workplace or a site, a small piece of road, housing estate or an apartment . Local emergency situations are emergency situations resulting in no more than 10 people injured, or no more than 100 people have been influenced by disturbance of their life conditions, or material damage does not exceed the amount of more than 1 thousand of minimum wages rate . If the consequences of an emergency situation are limited by the area of a particular industrial or other site, so they are defined as in-site emergency. Emergency situations, with the consequences distribution limited to a populated locality, city (region), republic and are eliminated by local forces, are defined as local. Local emergency situations include emergency situations as a result of which more than 10, but not more than 50 people suffered, or life conditions were disturbed for more than 100 , but no more than 300 people, or material damage is more than 1 thousand, but not more than 5 thousand of minimum wages rate.
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Regional emergency situations are those situations, which cover the area of several administrative areas or economic regions. Joint local efforts and also participation of federal forces are necessary for the liquidation of consequences of such ES. ES resulting in 50 to 500 persons suffered or 500 to 1000 persons have been influenced in terms of life conditions, or the material damage is from 0,5 to 5 million minimum wage rates.
National (federal) emergency situations cover extensive territories of the country, but do not leave its borders. Forces, means and resources of the entire state are involved. Assistance from abroad is often required. The national ES are referred to emergencies resulting in 500 people suffered, or in disturbance of life conditions of more than 1000 people, or material damage is over 5 million minimum wage rates.
Global (transboundary) emergency situations go beyond the country borders and extend to other states. Their consequences are eliminated by forces and efforts both of the states suffered, and the international community.
Each type of emergency situations has its own rate of danger distribution, being essential intensity component of an emergency and specifying the sudden exposure degree of the damaging factors. From this point of view such events can be subdivided into the following:
– unexpected (explosions, road accidents, earthquakes etc.);
– vigorous (fires, emission of gaseous strong poisonous substances (SPS), hydrodynamic accidents with formation of waves of break, mudflow, etc.),
– moderate (emission of radioactive substances, accidents on municipal systems, volcano eruptions, flood);
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– gradual (treatment facilities breakdown, droughts, epidemics, ecological deviations, etc.). Gradual (slow) emergency situations can last for many months and years, for example, consequences of anthropogenous activity in a zone of Aral sea.
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS OF TECHNOGENIC CHARACTER
3.3.1. Transport accidents:
– freight trains;
– passenger trains;
– river and sea cargo vessels;
– on the trunk pipelines, etc.
3.3.2. Fires, explosions, threat of explosions:
– fires (explosions) in buildings and structures on communications and technological equipment on industrial sites, etc.
– fires (explosions) on transport;
– fires (explosions) in residential, social, cultural buildings and structures;
3.3.3. Accidents resulting in emission (or emission threat) of chemically hazardous substances (CHS):
– accidents resulting in emission (or emission threat) CHS during their production, processing or storage (burial);
– release of sources CHS;
– accidents with a chemical ammunition, etc.
3.3.4. Accidents resulting in emission (emission threat) of radioactive substances:
– accidents at nuclear power stations;
– accidents of road and space vehicles with nuclear installations;
– accidents with a nuclear weapons in places of their storage, operation or installation;
– release of radioactive sources, etc.
3.3.5. Accidents with emission (emission threat) of biologically hazardous substances (BHS):
– accidents resulting in emission (emission threat) of biologically hazardous substances at industrial and research facilities;
– release BHS, etc.
3.3.6. A sudden collapse of buildings, constructions:
– a collapse of elements of transport communications;
– a collapse of industrial buildings and strucures;
– a collapse of residential, social and cultural buildings and structures.
3.3.7. Accidents on electric power systems:
– accidents on independent power stations with a long interruption period of electric supply to all consumers;
– breakdown of transport electric contact networks, etc.
3.3.8. Accidents on municipal life–support systems:
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– accidents in sewer systems with mass emission of polluting substances;
– accidents on thermal networks in a cold season;
– accidents in potable water supply systems;
– accidents on municipal gas pipelines;
3.3.9. Accidents on treatment facilities:
– accidents on wastewater treatment facilities at industrial enterprises with mass emission of polluting substances;
– accidents on treatment facilities for industrial gases with mass emission of polluting substances.
3.3.10. Hydrodynamic accidents:
– breach of dams (dams, guad locks, etc.) with the formation of breakout waves and catastrophic flooding;
– breaks of dams with the resulting in floodflow, etc.
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