Substantivization, Adjectivization, Verbalization and Adverbialization in English
This type of word-formation is common and equally productive both in English. It finds its realization in a definite word acquiring a part of or all the lexico-grammatical features of some other part of speech. Thus, adjective may become wholly substantivized or partially substantivized. 1) Wholly substantivized adjectives acquire all properties of regular nouns. Eg: a criminal, a black, a white, a liberal / a radical, a European / an African, a Greek / a German. A weekly (тижневик), a monthly (альманах), etc. 2) Partially substantivized adjectives have only some features of nouns (no genitive case, no plural form): the deaf and dumb, the French, the invited, the useful, in the open, in the affirmative, etc.
Partially substantivized in English may also be other parts of speech, for example, a) Verbs: that is a must with me; let’s have a go; a quiet read after supper, the haves and have-nots; b) Numerals: a sign of four, King Charles the First, page ten, to receive a one/a two; c) Pronouns: a little sometimes, a good for nothing, the all of it; those I’s of his; d) Adverbs: I don’t know his whereabouts, he is on leave, etc.
On the other hand, nouns may be adjectivized. Cf. the market prices; London docks, average incomes/wages, New York streets, the Thames banks, the RussianOlympic Village, etc.
Nouns may also be adverbialized. Cf.: going home, to come by chance, on the outskirts of Moscow, to come by air/by train, in English.
Specifically English Types of Word-Formation
Among the productive word-forming types conversion is to be pointed out first of all. It is performed according to some models of “converting” nouns into verbs or verbs into nouns, adjectives into nouns or nouns into adjectives, which can be seen from the examples below:
1. N > V
a chairman > to chairman
a butcher > to butcher
a boss > to boss
an X-ray > to X-ray
2. V > N
to catch > the catch
to look > a look
to ride > a ride
to know how > (the) know-how
Verbs in English can often be formed as a result of converting other parts of speech as well. Cf. down (adv.) > to down (a plane), - verb encore (interj.) to encore – verb, pooh-pooh (interj.) > to pooh-pooh, - verb, etc.
Likewise English adjectives can easily be converted into nouns, and vice versa, according to the following patterns:
3. A > N
Intellectual (a) > an intellectual (n)
progressive (a) > a progressive (n)
Russian (a) > a Russian (n)
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young (a) > a/the young (n)
4. N > A
maiden (n) > maiden (a)
sidelong (n) > sidelong (a)
sluggrad (n) > sluggrad (a)
activist (n) > activist (a)
Among other specifically English types of word-formation the following should be first of all pointed out:
a) The sound interchange (i.e. short vs. long): bit – beat, cot – court, kin – keen, live – life, prove – proof, read – read, sit – seat, etc.
b) Lexicalization of some plural forms of nouns like colour – colours (military, banner), glass – glasses (eye-glasses, opera-glasses), line – lines (poetic works), etc.
c) The phonomorphological word-formation which is closely connected with the abbreviation proper. Cf. Mr. for mister, Mrs. (mistress), govt. (government), Sgt. (sergeant), memo (memorandum), demo (demonstration), D (lady D) princess Diana, and many others.
Words and expressions to the lecture
Word formation – словообразование
means – способ
compounding – словосложение
derivational – производный
to distinguish – различать
trustee – доверенный
refugee – иммигрант, беженец
beggardom – нищенство
diminutive – уменьшительный
morsel – кусочек
hillock – холмик
dullard – тупица
gender – род
statives – слова, означающие состояние
divergent – различный
to convey – отображать
juxta position – расположение
to determine – определять
linking – соединительный
abbreviation – сокращение
blending – слияние, сращение
back formation – реверсия
to pertain to – относится к
similarly – аналогично
to adverbialize – превратиться в наречие
to substantivize – превратиться в существительное
to adjectivize – превратиться в прилагательное
to verbalize – превратиться в глагол
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Questions to the lecture
1. What are the principal ways of word-formation in English?
2. What are the main groups of affixal derivational word formation?
3. What are the main noun forming suffixes in English?
4. What are the main prefixes and English?
5. How are compound words formed in English?
6. What kings of abbreviation in English do you know?
7. What can you say about blending in English?
8. Illustrate backformation in English.
9. What do you know about accentual word formation?
10. What do you know about substantivization, adjectivization, verbalization and adverbialization in English?
11. What is conversion?
12. What are other types of word-formation in English?
Lecture 7
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