One word in each set has a different stress pattern from the others. Which is it? Define the type of the stressed word. Check with the recording.

 

Example:	picture ○	nature ○	capture ○	mature ○
1	politics	dynamic	musician	historic
2	create	supply	prostate	dictate
3	teacher	refer	eager	offer
4	edit	debit	submit	credit
5	Angela	Therese	spaghetti	banana

 

Ex.1.3 Transcribe and divide into syllables. Determine where the syllable boundary lies.

1.	goodness	5.	about	9.	Saturday
2.	hotter	6.	lazy	10.	export
3.	village	7.	family	11.	hourly
4.	cotton	8.	admission	12.	mathematics

 

 

Ex.1.4 Transcribe the following words, divide them into syllables and explain the rule.

1.	ninety	6.	sentence
2.	middle	7.	vowel
3.	imitate	8.	cinema
4.	teacher	9.	expensive
5.	advertise	10.	commission

 

Ex. 1.5 Divide the words into syllables and explain the rule in each line:

1) Ready, pocket, mother, coffee, city;

2) Bottle, couple, cattle, mitten, middle;

3) Breakfast, hedgehog, doctor, country, fifty;

4) Farmer, herself, sleepy, ninety, gloomy;

5) Extreme, abrupt, include, nasty, attract;

6) Fire, towel, vowel, lower, goer.

 

The Primary and the Secondary Meaning of Letters.

 

In English one letter can denote a few different sounds (polysemantic letters). That’s why there are the primary and the secondary sound meanings of them. The primary meaning of a letter is the sound which this letter:

1) denotes in the alphabet: a – [eI], e – [i:]. E.g. bake, be;

2) doesn’t correspond to the alphabetical letter: a– [æ]. e.g. cat;

3) approximates the alphabetical letter: f – [f], y – [aI].

The secondary meaning of a letter is the one which differs from its primary alphabetical meaning and depends on the consonants preceding or following this letter. E.g. a – [a:] - staff, [æ] – wander, [ɔ:] – war.

The sound formation of the English language distinguishes long and short vowels. According to this peculiarity in English each stressed vowel can have two meanings: alphabetical (long) and short.

 

 

READING OF VOWELS IN STRESSED SYLLABLES

Letter	Primary meaning		Secondary meaning
	long	short	Vowel + r	Vowel +re
a	Kate	cat	car	hare
e	he, Pete	hen, help	her	here
i\y	I, Mike, mine	sit, gym	bird, Byrd	hire, tyre
o	no, stone	not	for	more
u	use	but	turn	cure

 

The Primary Sound Meanings of Vowels in Different Types of Syllables.

 

In disyllabic and polysyllabic words the vowel letter has its alphabetical (long) primarymeaning if:

1) it is used in word final position e. g. he, no, my;

2) it is separated from the following vowel letter or from the combinations –le, -re by only one consonant letter e.g. pilot, idle, fibre;

3)  it is followed by a consonant + r +vowel e.g. library, April;

4) in some vowel combinations* e.g. diet, going.

The vowel letter has its short primary meaning:

1) if it is separated from the following vowel or the combination –le by two or more consonants e.g. render, silly, fiddle.

2) if the vowel letter (apart from “u”) is in the third stressed syllable from the end e.g. family, cylinder; but: funeral;

3) if the vowel letter is followed by a single letter “v” e.g. river, never; but: uvula[^\ju:vju:lə], fever[^\fi:və], over [^\əυvə];

4) if the vowel letter is followed by a consonant and one of the combinations, such as –-ic, -ish, -ity e.g. tragic, polish, cavity;

5) in disyllabic words with the sound [I] and [ju:] in the last unstressed syllable the vowel letter of a stressed syllable has a short meaning: e.g. tribune, facet; but: stupid.

But if the word ends in –y, -ie as in the words ladies, Edie the letters “a”, “e” have their alphabetical (long) meaning.

 

 

*For more information about the rules of reading of vowel combinations (digraphs), see further rules.

READING SINGLE VOWEL LETTERS IN STRESSED NON-FINAL SYLLABLES

meaning	spelling	examples	exceptions
I. Primary long	1) vowel + vowel	diet
	2) vowel + consonant + vowel vowel + consonant + “r” + vowel vowel + consonant + “le” vowel + consonant + “re”	pilot library idle fibre
II. Primary short	1) vowel + consonant cluster + vowel  vowel + consonant cluster +“le”	Render   fiddle
	2) vowel + consonant + “ic” vowel + consonant + “ish” vowel + consonant + “ity”	tragic polish cavity
	3) vowel + “v” + vowel	never	∙fever ∙over ∙uvula
	4) vowel + syllable + syllable	fa∙mi∙ly	cases with “u”: funeral
	5) vowel + [ı]-closed syllable vowel + [(j)u:]-closed syllable	fa∙cet tri∙bune	stupid

 

Ex. 3.1(  , track 2)

Read the following names and decide, from their spelling, if the vowel is short or long. (If there is more than one vowel, focus on the vowel receiving most stress.) If you are not sure, check the recording.

 

Example:Mick = short Susan = long

 

Mick	Susan	Dean	Sammy	Cathy
Martha	Jane	Luke	Tammy	Rose
Bert	Muriel	Patty	Pete	Ross
Ted	David	Becky	Bud	Simon
Beth	Mike	Mary	Tom	Jean
Timmy	Joan	Bonnie	Sheila	Bill

 

 

Primary short meaning	Primary long meaning

 

Ex. 3.2 Read these words according to the rules:

Letter “A” (primary short and long meanings):

barrel	gas	bat	land	shall
angry	cab	bag	band	marry
tangle	fat	tan	pack	cattle
back	has	sand	dad	carry

 

sail brain paper

baby lady main

able bacon wait

parade famous mate

lain pain fate

Letter “E” (primary short and long meanings):

best	clever	led	met	peck
bell	seven	set	beg	shell
send	very	men	lend	merry
berry	when	pen	bend	kettle

 

he	we	these	agree	evening
she	be	me	even	deep

Letters “I/Y” (primary short and long meanings):

thimble thin chips

wish wiggle scribble

twin little picnic

fiddle kitchen history

ministry primitive system

 

why mine vice imply		rise idle license while	by fly nylon byre	rhyme arrive bicycle triangle	line kite file white		why mine vice imply

Letter “U” (primary short and long meanings):

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