L: episcopus – OE: biscop; L: diabolus – OE: deofol ; L: monachus – OE: munuc.
LECTURE 5. OE VOCABULARY
Plan
I. Composition of the vocabulary.
II. Ways of developing the vocabulary.
1. Word-building: a) Affixation; b) Composition.
2. Borrowings: a) from Celtic; b) from Latin.
III. Poetic vocabulary.
I. The OE vocabulary is mainly homogeneous. Loan-words are an insignificant part of it. Among native words we can distinguish the following layers:
1. Common Indo-European words, which were inherited from the I-E parent language. For example, (a) nouns: fæder, modor, nama, tunZe, fot, niht, heorte; (b) adjectives: neowe,ZeonZ, riht, lonZ, (c) numerals 1 – 10, (d) verbs: sittan, licZan, beran, teran (father, mother, name tongue, foot, night, heart, new, young, right, long, …, sit, lie, bear, tear).
2. Common Germanic words: (a) nouns: eorDe, land, sæ, heall, sand, earm; (b) adjectives: earm, Zrene; (c) verbs: findan, sinZan, steorfan (earth, land, sea, arm, poor, green, find, sing, die)
3. Specifically English words, not found in any other language. These are very few. The verb clipian (to call) is one of them.
II. Ways of developing the vocabulary.
The OE vocabulary, like that of any other language, develops in two ways: by forming new words from elements existing in the language and by taking over words from other languages. In OE the first of these is by far the more important.
Morphological word-building is subdivided into 2 types: affixation and composition.
Suffixes play an important part in OE. Let’s consider OE suffixes grouping them according to the parts of speech they derive.
| Suffix in OE | origin | meaning | example |
| NOUN -ere | Doer of the action, masculine | Fiscere, writere | |
| NOUN -estre | Doer of the action, feminine | Bæcestre, spinestre | |
| NOUN -end | <-ende | Suffix, Partciple I | Freond, feond |
| NOUN –inZ/-unZ | Verbal noun suffix | LeornunZ, rædinZ | |
| NOUN –inZ/-linZ | Patronymic> noun adjective>noun | CyninZ, lytlinZ, deorlinZ | |
| NOUN -dom | <dom (OEnoun) | Doom, fate, law | Wisdom, freodom |
| NOUN -D | Abstract noun | TreowD, huntoD | |
| NOUN -had | < had (OE noun) | Title, rank | cildhad |
| NOUN -scipe | <scippan (OE verb) | To create | Freondscipe, Zebeorscipe |
| ADJECTIVE -iZ | HaliZ, bysiZ, | ||
| ADJECTIVE -en | Zylden (from old), wyllen (from wulle) | ||
| ADJECTIVE -isc | EnZlisc, welisc, folcisc | ||
| ADJECTIVE -sum | hiersum | ||
| ADJECTIVE -feald | <fealdan (OE verb) | To fold | seofonfeald |
| ADJECTIVE -full | <full (OE adj) | full | Synnfull, carfull |
| ADJECTIVE -leas | <leas (OE adj.) | deprived | Slæpleas, Zeleavleas |
| ADJECTIVE -lic | <lic (OE noun) | body | Freondlic, luflic |
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OE PREFIXES
| OE prefix | meaning | examples |
| VERB -a | Out of, from | Awacan, arisan |
| VERB, PRONOUN -a | always | ahwær |
| VERB, NOUN be- | near | Beheafdian, beDencan |
| VERB, NOUN for- | Loss, destruction | fordon |
| VERB, NOUN mis- | Negation, bad quality | Mislician, misdæd |
| VERB, NOUN Ze- | 1)collectivity, 2)perfect | Zefera, Zeseon |
| ADJECTIVE, NOUN un- | Negation | uncuD |
Composition.
Composition is widely used in OE. There are compound nouns, adjs, and even verbs.
Compound nouns are formed by joining;
a) noun+noun: ZoldsmiD, hlafweard, hlæfdiZe;
b) adj+noun: cwicseolfor (quicksilver = mercury)
Compound adjs are formed by joining:
a) noun + adj: win-sæd (drunk)
b) adj + adj: wid-cuD (widely known)
c) adj + noun: Zlæd-mod (glad-minded)
Sometimes the first component takes the form of the Genitive case, as in MonandæZ, TiwesdæZ,WednesdæZ, DunresdæZ, FriZedæZ, SæternesdæZ, SunnandæZ, … EnZlaland, witenaZemot, SnotinZaham, Oxenaford.
Compound Verbs are not numerous: efenDrowian(‘suffer together’, =sympathise)
Borrowings.
Loan-words are very few in number. OE has only 2 sources: from Latin and from Celtic.
a) Celtic languages had a very insignificant influence on English:
The borrowed words are:
Dun ( ofdune >MnE down), dun (dun = dark), binn (bin – закрома).
Some Celtic elements have been preserved in geographical names:
Amhiun (river): Avon, Evan;
Uisige (water): Exe, Usk, Esk;
Dun, dum (hill): Dumbarton, Dumfries;
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Llan (church): Llandudno, Llandaff.
Latin borrowings can be classified into 2 layers (a table): 1) the oldest layer: word taken either directly from the Romans before the Anglo-Saxons settled in Britain, or from the Celtic inhabitants of Britain; 2) Words conserning religion and the church, taken over after the introduction of Christianity, which began in 597; these words belong to the 7th century.
1: L: strata – OE: stræt ; L: vallum – OE: weall; L: coquina – OE: cycene; L: castra – OE: Ceaster; L:vinum – OE: win.
L: episcopus – OE: biscop; L: diabolus – OE: deofol ; L: monachus – OE: munuc.
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