The Liberal Party and the Labour Party
The Conservative Party and the Liberal Party are more than three hundred years old. The Tories called the Liberals “Whigs”. A “whig” was a Scottish preacher who could go on for 4 or 5 hours at a time preaching moralising sermons. In the middle of the 19th century the Liberal Party represented the trading and manufacturing classes. It’s slogan at that time was “Civil and Religious Liberty”. William Gladstone headed the first administration (1868-74) and for long periods the Liberals had a Parliamentary majority. During the second half of the 19th century many working people looked at the Liberal Party as an alternative to the Conservatives and their policy.
At the end of the 19th century and in the first two decades of this, the Liberals lost the support of working-class voters. In 1988 the Liberal Party made an alliance with Social Democrats and the Party of Liberal Democrats was formed.
The Labour Party, formed in 1900, was the one which drew away working people’s support. It was founded by the Trade Unions. When the Labour Government was first elected in 1945 it showed no radical change in policy from the Tories.
Since 1924, the Labour Party has been in and out of power four times with the Conservatives forming the government for the rest of the time. The social system has remained unchanged. As a result of divisions within the Labour Party its right-wing members broke away in 1981 to form a new organization, the Social Democratic Party. Its policy is very similar to that of the Liberals.
They fought the 1983 election in an alliance with the Liberals, but only a small number of their MPs were elected.
Timeline
(5000 - 2000 BC) Stone Age settlers arrived, crossing the English Channel, farming introduced
(2200 BC)The Bleaker People constructed ring of stones at Stonehenge
(600 - 50 BC)Celtic peoples established their culture throughout the British Isles; Druids populated Wales
(55 BC)Julius Caesar attempted invasion of Britain, forced to withdraw
(54 BC)Second invasion attempt by Julius Caesar; captured St. Albans
(43 AD)Roman Emperor Claudius and 40,000 troops invaded, Britannia became a Roman province
(61 AD)Queen Boadicea organized rebellion against Romans, was defeated
(78 AD)Romans conquered much of Wales
(120 AD)Emperor Hadrian ordered wall to be built to mark Roman territory of Britain in north
(139 AD)Romans invaded southern Scotland, built Wall of Antonine to mark frontier
(206 AD)Caledonians from northern Scotland attacked Hadrian's Wall
(211 AD)Britain divided into two parts - Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior
(254 AD)St. Alban beheaded, became first Britain Christian martyr
(290 AD)Carausius rebelled against Roman Empire, took control of Britain and North Gaul
(296 AD)Emperor Caesar Constantius Chlorus invaded Britain, recovered it for the Roman Empire
(306)Constantine declared Emperor of Rome
(360 - 369)Saxons from Northern Germany attacked Roman-occupied Britain; Scot invaders attacked northern Britain; Romans retained control
(382)Magnus Maximum and army defeated the Scots
(410)Roman troops withdrew from Britannia; Roman occupation officially over
(440 - 450)Assorted tribes including the Picts, Saxons, Angles and Jutes invaded unprotected Britain
(477)Saxon chief, Ella, captured fortress at Anderida; proclaimed himself king of Sussex
(525)AD (date) system introduced; Saxons attacked between London and St. Albans; formed Kingdom of Essex
(556)Saxons set up seven kingdoms in Britain
(563)Saint Columba founded monastery in Scotland
(574)Northern Ireland settlers colonized Argyll, Scotland
(597)Saint Augustine sent to Britain to convert English to Christianity
(613)Anglo-Saxons conquered all of Britain; land divided into 30 kingdoms
(617)Edwin, King of Northumbria, conquered England
(617 - 685)Northumbrian kingdom reigned supreme
(620)Ireland invaded by Norsemen
(663)Plague outbreak across British Isles
(668)English Church established
(730 - 821)Mercia kingdom reigned
(741)York burned
(779)Offa's Dyke (huge earthworks) completed from River Dee to River Wye
(793)First Viking raid on Britain at Lindisfarne
(802 - 839)Kingdom of Wessex gained control of most of England
(836)Northmen and West Welsh defeated in battle at Hengists Down near Plymouth
(855)First Viking settlement established on Isle of Sheppey
(866)Vikings, the "Great Army", invaded England
(867)Northumbria captured by Vikings
(870)Vikings sacked York; captured Nottingham
(872)Vikings defeated Wessex army at Wilton; conquered Mercia
(897)King Alfred built first English fleet
(926)Eastern England recaptured by Saxons
(955)Northumbrian Danes defeated
(957)After revolt, Edgar named King
(980)Vikings again invaded England
(994)Danes and Norwegians attacked London
(1002)St. Bryce's Day Massacre - King Ethelred ordered all Danes in England be killed
(1012)Danes captured Canterbury
(1013)Danes captured all of England, King of Danes, Sweyn, made King of England
(1016)Danish King Canute became King of England
(1035)King Canute died; England divided between three sons, Sweyn - Norway, Hardicanute - Denmark and South England, Harold Harefoot - North England
(1042)Edward the Confessor became King
(1066)Battle of Hastings occurred; William I crowned King of England
(1086)Domesday Book (survey of England) finished
(1087)King William I died; son, William II King
(1096)The Crusades began (lasted 150 years)
(1100)King William II killed; brother Henry I King
(1106)King Henry I conquered Normandy
(1154)Henry II crowned King, first in Plantagenet line
(1170)Thomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury) murdered after quarrel with Henry II
(1189)King Henry II ousted; Richard the Lionheart (Richard I) crowned King
(1199)King Richard I died in battle; John new King
(1204)Philip II of France seized Normandy
(1215)Magna Carta (the Great Charter) completed
(1224)France declared war on England
(1259)Treaty of Paris signed; war with France ended
(1272)Henry III died; Edward I crowned King
(1282 - 1283)Edward I conquered Wales
(1284)Wales annexed to England
(1290)King Edward I expelled Jews from England
(1296)Edward I invaded Scotland; Scotland became dependency of England
(1297)William Wallace of Scotland, defeated English at Stirling Bridge
(1298)Edward I invaded Scotland; defeated Scots
(1307)King Edward I died; Edward II succeeded to throne; withdrew from Scotland
(1314)English defeated at Battle at Bannockburn
(1318)Scottish forces invaded North England
(1320)Declaration of Arbroath signed by earls and barons of Scotland, rejected English rule
(1327)Edward II abdicated throne; Edward III King
(1328)Edward III made peace with Scotland; treaty of Edinburgh signed
(1331)David II (age seven) crowned King of Scotland
(1337)Hundred Years' War with France began
(1346)English claimed first land victory in northern France of Hundred Years' War
(1348)Black Death Plague ravished England; over 50% of population dies
(1377)King Edward III died; Richard II (age 10) crowned King; Poll tax introduced
(1381)Peasant's Revolt against poll tax occurred
(1399)King Richard II forced to resign; Henry IV crowned King
(1404)Welsh hero, Owain Glyndwr, gained control of Wales; declared himself Prince of Wales
(1409)Welsh surrendered to England
(1413)King Henry IV died; Henry V new king
(1415)English defeated French at Battle of Agincourt
(1419)Henry V took control of Normandy, France
(1422)Henry V died; Son Henry VI (aged nine months) succeeded; council established to rule England
(1453)Final battle of Hundred Years' War occurred at Chatillon; War ended; England ousted from France
(1455)War of the Roses began between parties of Plantagenets and Lancastrians
(1471)Edward IV reclaimed crown from King Henry VI; Henry VI died
(1483)King Edward IV died; dispute occurred about rightful king; Richard III crowned King
(1485)Henry Tudor, descendent of Edward III, fought to take over English throne; King Richard III died during battle, Henry Tudor crowned King Henry VII; War of the Roses ended at Battle of Bosworth
(1492)Kings Henry VII of England and Charles VII of France negotiated Treaty of Etaples; Christopher Columbus discovered Bahamas
(1509)King Henry VII died; King Henry VIII crowned
(1513)English defeated Scots and French invasion at Battle of Flodden Field
(1533)King Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon; married Anne Boleyn; Pope excommunicated Henry VIII from church
(1534)King Henry VIII formed Church of England
(1536)Anne Boleyn executed; Henry VIII married Jane Seymour
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(1542)Scottish forces attacked England at Battle of Solway; King James V of Scotland died; daughter Mary crowned Queen of Scots
(1547)King Henry VIII died; Edward VI (age nine) became King
(1549)Book of common prayer introduced; First Act of Uniformity passed, banning Roman Catholic mass
(1553)King Edward VI died; Lady Jane Grey declared Queen of England for nine days; Mary I crowned Queen
(1558)French retook Calais; Queen Mary I died; Elizabeth I crowned Queen
(1559)Mary, Queen of Scots, claimed her royal right to the English throne
(1565)Walter Raleigh brought tobacco to England
(1567)Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicated, son James declared King
(1587)Queen Elizabeth ordered execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, for treason
(1588)Spanish Armada sent to attack England; the English overwhelmingly defeated the Spanish fleet
(1593)William Shakespeare's first published work
(1600)East India Company established
(1601)Queen Elizabeth I died; James VI of Scotland became James I of England, the first Stuart king
(1604)Kings James I of England and Philip III of Spain signed Treaty of London, ending war
(1605)Plan to blow up Parliament, the Gunpowder Plot, failed
(1614)Parliament called Addled Parliament for not passing one act during sitting; James I dissolved Parliament
(1620)Mayflower with Pilgrims arrived in America
(1621)Thirty Years War began (Protestants against Catholics)
(1625)King James I died; son Charles I crowned
(1640)Long Parliament sat (until 1660)
(1642)English Civil War began
(1645)Civil War ended, Charles I defeated
(1648)Second Civil War occurred
(1649)King Charles I tried for levying war; found guilty and was executed; son Charles II declared himself King
(1653 - 1658)Lord Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector
(1654)England declared war on Spain
(1660)Monarchy restored with King Charles II
(1665)Great Plague struck London; over 75,000 died
(1666)Great Fire of London destroyed more than 12,000 houses, 80 churches
(1685)King Charles II died; brother James, Duke of York, crowned King James II
(1688 - 1689)Glorious Revolution took place, King James II deposed by Parliament
(1689)William III and Mary II jointly crowned King and Queen of England
(1690)Battle of the Boyce occurred, King William III defeated armies of James II
(1691)King William III took control of Ireland
(1694)Queen Mary II died; Bank of England established
(1702)King William III died; daughter of James II, Anne, crowned Queen
(1707)Act of Union passed - united England and Scotland as Great Britain
(1714)Queen Anne died; George Ludwig, great grandson of James I became King George I, the first German-speaking monarch
(1720)The South Sea Bubble financial crisis struck
(1721)Whig politician, Robert Walpole, became first Prime Minister of Great Britain
(1727)King George I died; son, George II new king
(1745)French defeated Great Britain and Austria at Battle of Fontenoy; Bonnie Prince Charlie, claimant to throne, defeated by King George II supporters
(1752)Gregorian calendar (also known as New Style) adopted by Britain and all British colonies
(1756)Seven Years' War began
(1760)King George II died; George III new king
(1763)Treaty of Paris ended Seven Years' War
(1770)British troops sent to American colonies; Boston Massacre occurred; British troops quickly removed from Boston
(1773)Colonists in America dumped chests of tea into sea protesting taxes (Boston Tea Party)
(1775)American Revolution began
(1776)American Declaration of Independence signed by thirteen colonies declaring break from Britain
(1781)American Revolution ended; America won its independence
(1801)Act of Union placed Ireland under British Parliament control
(1805)British defeated Napoleon's French fleet at Battle of Trafalgar
(1811)King George III deemed unfit to rule; son George, Prince of Wales, appointed Prince Regent
(1811 - 1817)Luddite Movement occurred - rioting against unemployment due to Industrial Revolution; potato famine ravishes Ireland
(1820)King George III died; George IV became king
(1829)Roman Catholic Relief Act passed, gave political rights to Catholics for loyalty to Protestant monarchy
(1830)King George IV died; succeeded by brother, Duke of Clarence, as King William IV
(1832)Great Reform Act passed, male property owners allowed to vote; cholera struck Britain, more than 20,000 died
(1820)Factory Act banned child workers under nine
(1834)Charles Babbage invented mechanical calculating machine, prototype for modern computer
(1837)King William IV died; his niece crowned Queen Victoria of Britain
(1845)Potato crops across Europe ruined
(1851)Great Exhibition took place - more than six million visited
(1854 - 1856)Britain victorious in Crimean War
(1863)First underground railway in London opened
(1867)Second Reform Act passed - male household heads allowed to vote
(1869)Suez Canal opened; women rate payers given right to vote in local elections
(1870)Education Act passed, school mandatory for children up to 11 years
(1872)Ballot Act passed - voting now secret
(1875)Captain Michael Webb first person to swim across English Channel
(1877)Queen Victoria declared Empress of India
(1878)Pleasure boat, Princess Alice, sank in Thames River, more than 600 died
(1892)First Labour MP elected
(1896)Britain won three gold medals at first modern Olympic Games in Athens
(1899 - 1902)Boer War took place; Britain defeated South African Dutch settlers
(1901)Queen Victoria died; son Edward VII new king
(1903)Suffagrette movement founded
(1908)Introduction of pensions
(1910)Edward VII died, son George crowned King George V
(1912)Titanic left Southampton, sank in North Atlantic, 1,513 people died
(1914)World War I began
(1918)World War I ended, one million Brits dead
(1920)League of Nations launched
(1921)Ireland granted independence by Ango-Irish Treaty; six counties retained as part of United Kingdom
(1922)United Kingdom became known as United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland; British Broadcasting Company aired first radio service
(1924)John Logie Baird, Scottish engineer, invented television
(1926)Two millions workers went on strike, the "General Strike" lasted for nine days
(1928)Women aged 21 received right to vote; Amelia Earhart landed in South Wales - first female to fly solo across Atlantic; Doctor Alexander Fleming of London discovered penicillin
(1929)New York Stock Exchange crashed, economic slump hit Britain
(1936)King George V died; son Edward VIII crowned king, abdicated the throne to marry Mrs. Simpson (second shortest reign in English history); brother George (George V) became king
(1939)World War II began
(1940)Ration books introduced for food, clothing, petrol; Winston Churchill leader of British forces
(1945)World War II ended
(1948)National Health Service now offer free medical care (from the cradle to the grave)
(1951)Festival of Britain took place; Winston Churchill elected Prime Minister again
(1952)King George VI died; Britain tested nuclear bomb
(1953)Elizabeth II crowned Queen of England; scientists at Cambridge University discovered structure of DNA
(1955)Churchill resigned as Prime Minister
(1958)Great Train Robbery occurred - Royal Mail train robbed; Beatles release hit songs
(1966)England won Football World Cup; Aberfan, Wales swamped by mining waste, 116 children died and 28 adults
(1969)Maiden flight of Concorde took place; Queen Elizabeth II's son, Charles, named Prince of Wales; death penalty abolished
(1971)Decimal currency adopted; rioting in Ireland left 20 people dead
(1973)Britain joined Common Market; bombs in London killed one and injured 250
(1976)Britain had hottest, driest summer in 250 years; Concorde made first commercial flight
(1978)Test tube baby, Louise Brown, born in Lancashire
(1979)"Iron Lady" Margaret Thatcher became first female Prime Minister
(1980)Iranian terrorists sack Iranian Embassy in London; John Lennon, killed in New York City
(1981)Prince Charles married Lady Diana Spencer; ten prisoners died during hunger strike of IRA at Maze Prison in Ireland; rioting in South London
(1982)British troops drove Argentine forces out of Falkland Islands; IRA continued attacks on London at Regents Park and Knightsbridge, nine people killed
(1985)Fire at Bradford City Football Ground killed 40 and injured 150; rioting at European Cup final killed 39 people; Live Aid concert took place in London; race riots in Bruston occurred
(1987)Margaret Thatcher re-elected; hurricane hit Britain causing 17 deaths; IRA bomb in County Fermanagh killed 11 and injured more than 60; Stock markets crashed around world - named Black Monday; Kings Cross underground station fire killed 30
(1989)Crowd crush at FA match in Sheffield killed nearly 100
(1990)Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher resigned
(1994)Channel Tunnel opened rail link between Britain and rest of Europe
(1997)Labour Party won landslide victory, Tony Blair became Prime Minister; Princess Diana killed in auto accident in Paris; British returned Hong Kong to China at end of its 99 year lease
(1999)Minimum wage introduced; bombings occurred in London; Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly formed
(2003)Britain joined United States-led coalition in Iraq war; 750,000 people in London staged anti-war protest
(2005)London's public transport system struck by four bomb attacks; 54 people killed, more than 700 injured; Tony Blair elected to third term; Irish Republican Army gave up weapons arsenal
(2007)Severe winter storm killed 47
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| Timeline (PAGE 2) Page 1 Page 3 Page 4 (1002) St. Bryce's Day Massacre - King Ethelred ordered all Danes in England be killed (1012) Danes captured Canterbury (1013) Danes captured all of England, King of Danes, Sweyn, made King of England (1016) Danish King Canute became King of England (1035) King Canute died; England divided between three sons, Sweyn - Norway, Hardicanute - Denmark and South England, Harold Harefoot - North England (1042) Edward the Confessor became King (1066) Battle of Hastings occurred; William I crowned King of England (1086) Domesday Book (survey of England) finished (1087) King William I died; son, William II King (1096) The Crusades began (lasted 150 years) (1100) King William II killed; brother Henry I King (1106) King Henry I conquered Normandy (1154) Henry II crowned King, first in Plantagenet line (1170) Thomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury) murdered after quarrel with Henry II (1189) King Henry II ousted; Richard the Lionheart (Richard I) crowned King (1199) King Richard I died in battle; John new King (1204) Philip II of France seized Normandy (1215) Magna Carta (the Great Charter) completed (1224) France declared war on England (1259) Treaty of Paris signed; war with France ended (1272) Henry III died; Edward I crowned King (1282 - 1283) Edward I conquered Wales (1284) Wales annexed to England (1290) King Edward I expelled Jews from England (1296) Edward I invaded Scotland; Scotland became dependency of England (1297) William Wallace of Scotland, defeated English at Stirling Bridge (1298) Edward I invaded Scotland; defeated Scots (1307) King Edward I died; Edward II succeeded to throne; withdrew from Scotland (1314) English defeated at Battle at Bannockburn (1318) Scottish forces invaded North England (1320) Declaration of Arbroath signed by earls and barons of Scotland, rejected English rule (1327) Edward II abdicated throne; Edward III King (1328) Edward III made peace with Scotland; treaty of Edinburgh signed (1331) David II (age seven) crowned King of Scotland (1337) Hundred Years' War with France began (1346) English claimed first land victory in northern France of Hundred Years' War (1348) Black Death Plague ravished England; over 50% of population dies (1377) King Edward III died; Richard II (age 10) crowned King; Poll tax introduced (1381) Peasant's Revolt against poll tax occurred (1399) King Richard II forced to resign; Henry IV crowned King (1404) Welsh hero, Owain Glyndwr, gained control of Wales; declared himself Prince of Wales (1409) Welsh surrendered to England (1413) King Henry IV died; Henry V new king (1415) English defeated French at Battle of Agincourt (1419) Henry V took control of Normandy, France (1422) Henry V died; Son Henry VI (aged nine months) succeeded; council established to rule England (1453) Final battle of Hundred Years' War occurred at Chatillon; War ended; England ousted from France (1455) War of the Roses began between parties of Plantagenets and Lancastrians (1471) Edward IV reclaimed crown from King Henry VI; Henry VI died (1483) King Edward IV died; dispute occurred about rightful king; Richard III crowned King (1485) Henry Tudor, descendent of Edward III, fought to take over English throne; King Richard III died during battle, Henry Tudor crowned King Henry VII; War of the Roses ended at Battle of Bosworth (1492) Kings Henry VII of England and Charles VII of France negotiated Treaty of Etaples; Christopher Columbus discovered Bahamas (1509) King Henry VII died; King Henry VIII crowned (1513) English defeated Scots and French invasion at Battle of Flodden Field (1533) King Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon; married Anne Boleyn; Pope excommunicated Henry VIII from church (1534) King Henry VIII formed Church of England (1536) Anne Boleyn executed; Henry VIII married Jane Seymour
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| Timeline (PAGE 2) Page 1 Page 3 Page 4 (1002)St. Bryce's Day Massacre - King Ethelred ordered all Danes in England be killed (1012)Danes captured Canterbury (1013)Danes captured all of England, King of Danes, Sweyn, made King of England (1016)Danish King Canute became King of England (1035)King Canute died; England divided between three sons, Sweyn - Norway, Hardicanute - Denmark and South England, Harold Harefoot - North England (1042)Edward the Confessor became King (1066)Battle of Hastings occurred; William I crowned King of England (1086)Domesday Book (survey of England) finished (1087)King William I died; son, William II King (1096)The Crusades began (lasted 150 years) (1100)King William II killed; brother Henry I King (1106)King Henry I conquered Normandy (1154)Henry II crowned King, first in Plantagenet line (1170)Thomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury) murdered after quarrel with Henry II (1189)King Henry II ousted; Richard the Lionheart (Richard I) crowned King (1199)King Richard I died in battle; John new King (1204)Philip II of France seized Normandy (1215)Magna Carta (the Great Charter) completed (1224)France declared war on England (1259)Treaty of Paris signed; war with France ended (1272)Henry III died; Edward I crowned King (1282 - 1283)Edward I conquered Wales (1284)Wales annexed to England (1290)King Edward I expelled Jews from England (1296)Edward I invaded Scotland; Scotland became dependency of England (1297)William Wallace of Scotland, defeated English at Stirling Bridge (1298)Edward I invaded Scotland; defeated Scots (1307)King Edward I died; Edward II succeeded to throne; withdrew from Scotland (1314)English defeated at Battle at Bannockburn (1318)Scottish forces invaded North England (1320)Declaration of Arbroath signed by earls and barons of Scotland, rejected English rule (1327)Edward II abdicated throne; Edward III King (1328)Edward III made peace with Scotland; treaty of Edinburgh signed (1331)David II (age seven) crowned King of Scotland (1337)Hundred Years' War with France began (1346)English claimed first land victory in northern France of Hundred Years' War (1348)Black Death Plague ravished England; over 50% of population dies (1377)King Edward III died; Richard II (age 10) crowned King; Poll tax introduced (1381)Peasant's Revolt against poll tax occurred (1399)King Richard II forced to resign; Henry IV crowned King (1404)Welsh hero, Owain Glyndwr, gained control of Wales; declared himself Prince of Wales (1409)Welsh surrendered to England (1413)King Henry IV died; Henry V new king (1415)English defeated French at Battle of Agincourt (1419)Henry V took control of Normandy, France (1422)Henry V died; Son Henry VI (aged nine months) succeeded; council established to rule England (1453)Final battle of Hundred Years' War occurred at Chatillon; War ended; England ousted from France (1455)War of the Roses began between parties of Plantagenets and Lancastrians (1471)Edward IV reclaimed crown from King Henry VI; Henry VI died (1483)King Edward IV died; dispute occurred about rightful king; Richard III crowned King (1485)Henry Tudor, descendent of Edward III, fought to take over English throne; King Richard III died during battle, Henry Tudor crowned King Henry VII; War of the Roses ended at Battle of Bosworth (1492)Kings Henry VII of England and Charles VII of France negotiated Treaty of Etaples; Christopher Columbus discovered Bahamas (1509)King Henry VII died; King Henry VIII crowned (1513)English defeated Scots and French invasion at Battle of Flodden Field (1533)King Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon; married Anne Boleyn; Pope excommunicated Henry VIII from church (1534)King Henry VIII formed Church of England (1536)Anne Boleyn executed; Henry VIII married Jane Seymour
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APPENDIX
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PARKS
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