European feudalism English feudalism
Task 9.Speak about the spread of Roman Christianity in Britain using the table. Compare the two ways of establishing religious institutions. The 3th century AD The 6thcentury People, who brought the religion St Patrick 40 Christian monks led by Augustine sent by Pope Gregory The places, where the religion was spread first Northern Ireland and some missionaries in the southern part of the country The kingdom of Kent. The first church was built in Canterbury The relations with existing religious cults The religious cults of Britons went on side by side with the official worship. Private individuals were free to set up to any god The religions cults were prohibited, Christianity was spread as the only religious form The effect of Chris-tianisation Christianity brought literacy in restricted kind and peculiar organisation of the state, which was later destroyed by the Anglo-Saxons Christianity brought Britain into the mainstream of European culture. The political organisation of the country reflected the organisation of the church The further development of the Christian Church in Britain The Anglo-Saxon drove the British Christians to Wales and Ireland. Celtic Christianity survived there in peculiar forms By a synod of bishops at Whitby in 664, the new Roman form of Christianity was accepted. In the 16th century the Reformation made Britain a protestant country Since 6th century we tend to associate the arrival of Christianity in Britain with the mission of Augustine in 597 AD. But in fact Christianity arrived long before then, and in the 1st Century AD, there wasn't an organised attempt to convert the British. It began when Roman artisans and traders arriving in Britain spread the story of Jesus along with stories of their Pagan deities. Christianity was just one cult amongst many, but unlike the cults of Rome, Christianity demanded exclusive allegiance from its followers. It was this intolerance of other gods, and its secrecy, which rattled the Roman authorities and led to repeated persecutions of Christians. Christians were forced to meet and worship in secret. In the 3rd centuryit was the predominant cult worship different gods. Christianity is perceived as just another belief that have nothing contrary with other beliefs. The spread of Christianity in 6th century has been international, in some cases entirely displacing the religions and altering the customs encountered among those people to whom it has come. This centuries-long process has been met with violent opposition at times, and likewise the spread of Christianity has in some cases been carried out with martial force. The relationship of Christianity to other faiths is encumbered to some extent by this history, with modern Christians, particularly in the West, expressing embarrassment over the violence in Christianity's past. Christianity is responsible for the way society was organized.Christianity played a role in ending practices such as human sacrifice, slavery,infanticide and polygamy. Also, Churches were almost the only forum for education. The higher church officials also played important secular roles; advising the king, witnessing charters, and administering estates of the church, which could be exceedingly large. The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. Throughout its long history, the Christian Church has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care; inspiration for art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in politics and religion. Task 10. Historical consequences. Match two statements from columns A and B into a compound sentence with the conjunction "so". A B 1. Brythons fought fiercely against Anglo-Saxon invaders a) in the course of time the Roman towns and villages were destroyed 2. The invaders managed to conquer the greater part of the island b) soon Anglo-Saxon nobles became great landowners 3. The Anglo-Saxons preferred to live in small villages c) the Romanised Celts had to escape to the mountainous western and northern parts of the country 4. The tribal nobility took possession of large tracts of land d) the Archbishop of Canterbury is now Head of the Church in England 5. The first Christian church was built in the capital of Kent Canterbury e) it took more than 150 years for the Angles, Saxons and lutes to conquer the country 6. The synod of Whitby in 664 decided in favour of the new Roman from Christianity to Celtic Christianity f) church organisation prefigured a corresponding political organisation of the country 7. The Roman Church was organised in the form of dioceses and parishes g) the new contacts with European civilisation were established 1.e 2.a 3.g 4.b 5.d 6.с 7.f Task 11. All these word combinations are often used to characterise Alfred the Great. Explain why he is called so and choose the variant, which, to your opinion, characterises this great King best of all. Prove your choice: —the founder of the English fleet; —King is known for its construction fleet. He used a five-year truce to build your own fleet. Although the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain on ships, to the IX century, none of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was not as significant fleet.In 896 Alfred had a number of "longships", "nearly twice as long as the others", built to his own design some having 60 oars, some even more, to counter raids along the south coast.Alfred’s victory later that year saw nine of his new ships trap six Danish ships —the King who burnt cakes in a woman's cottage; This is the moment when legend has Alfred burning cakes in a peasant woman's cottage - a tale which was already in existence in the tenth century. However, Alfred was able to claw back a victory at Edington in Wiltshire that year. * the King, who stopped the Danes; * united with his faithful earls, the king again went to war against the Vikings, so much so successful that forced them to retreat and hide in the same Chippenham. After fourteen siege konung Danish Guthrum was forced to surrender. —he first English translator from Latin; Alfred the Great's translation of Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care was the first work produced as part of a programme of translation of key works from Latin into Old English. * many-sided genius. Alfred was a versatile personality: ruler, cultural figure,churchman.He cared about the science, rebuilding the economy and education, introduced the legislative and administrative reforms To my mind the best characteristicis the King, who stopped the Danes Alfred built up the defences of his kingdom to ensure that it was not threatened by the Danes again. He reorganised his army and built a series of well-defended settlements across southern England. He also established a navy for use against the Danish raiders who continued to harass the coast. He made a lot for his country. Task 12. Fill in the dates in the table, which represents the Scandinavian Invasion. Date Events 793 Norsemen start the raids to England and Ireland 1666 London is burnt up 800-700 B.C The first permanent settlements are founded 878 "Alfred's great year of battles"— the Danes are pushed from Wessex by King Alfred the Great 1066 Fighting between the Danes and Anglo-Saxons 1016 A peace treaty is signed to divide the country into two equal parts "Danelaw" and England proper At the end of the 10th century The Danish invasions are resumed. The Anglo-Saxon kings give the Danes money to leave them in peace 991 The government imposes a heavy tax called Danegeld, or Dane money At the beginning of the 11th century England is conquered by the Danes once more. The Danish King Canute becomes King of Denmark, Norway and England and makes the latter the centre of his power 1042 After Canute' o the throne and the line of Danish kings comes to an end Task 13.Using the scheme describe the transformation of the Anglo-Saxon society from the 6th century to the end of the Scandinavian Invasion. Ihe Anglo-Saxon society of the 6th—7th centuries The English society of the 8 th—9 th centuries Main classes Thanes — professional warriors Ceorls — peasants landowners peasants Land common property of the village community private property, which could be sold, inherited or used as a payment for debts Local division village communities hundreds shires kingdom townships hundreds shires kingdom System of judgment and manning folk-moots in the village communities hundred-moots, presided by elected elders shire-moots, presided by sheriffs landowners hundred-moots of the most influential landlords presided by royal officials shire-moots, presided by the kings chief official the king as a supreme judge In the last half of the 6th century, four structures contributed to the development of society; they were the position and freedoms of the ceorl, the smaller tribal areas coalescing into larger kingdoms, the elite developing from warriors to kings, and Irish monasticism developing under Finnian (who had consulted Gildas) and his pupil Columba. The Anglo-Saxon farms of this period are often falsely supposed to be "peasant farms". However, a ceorl, who was the lowest ranking freeman in early Anglo-Saxon society, was not a peasant but an arms-owning male with the support of a kindred, access to law and the wergild; situated at the apex of an extended household working at least one hide of land.[44] The farmer had freedom and rights over lands, with provision of a rent or duty to an overlord who provided only slight lordly input.[c] Most of this land was common outfield arable land (of an outfield-infield system) that provided individuals with the means to build a basis of kinship and group cultural ties.[45] The Tribal Hidage lists thirty-five peoples, or tribes, with assessments in hides, which may have originally been defined as the area of land sufficient to maintain one family. the arrival of the Vikings at the end of the eighth century brought many changes to Britain. By the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, England had taken the shape of the country that continues to be the Kingdom of England now within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Through the sub-Roman period of English history, there is a strong cultural link back to the period of Roman occupation. Throughout the long Anglo-Saxon period of England's history, the kingdoms existed as an off-shore island of continental Europe. England was not, for most of this period, politically or culturally involved in wider European affairs. Relations were closer with Scandinavia than with central Europe, despite the geographical proximity of the French coast. Task 14. Historical consequences. The Scandinavian Invasion. Match two statements from columns A and B into a compound sentence with a conjunction "so". A B 1. The Anglo-Saxons had to stop constant attacks of the Danes a) they signed the peace treaty, which, divided the country into 2 parts 2. The Danes every year went to different places b) today many countries on the former Danelaw territory have similar names to the main city 3. Alfred the Great failed to push the Danes away from England c) they paid the tribute called Danegeld 4. The Anglo-Saxon villages were fortified and secured d) the Anglo-Saxons organised Danish massacre in 1002 5. Each Danish shire had a market town e) they had to unite in order not to lose their independence completely 6. In 991, the Anglo-Saxons were unable to resist the Danes f) he soon lost control over its biggest part 7. The Danes tried to raise the tribute they got from the Anglo-Saxons g) they made the basis for the first English towns 8. The empire of Canute included three distant countries h) all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms experienced Danish raids 1.c 2.h 3.f 4.g 5.b 6.d 7.a 8.e Task 15. Here are different events, which happened during the 5th—11th centuries in England. Discuss them in groups and rank them to their importance. Prove your choice. 1. Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. 2. Political unification of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. 3. The written history of England called "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" was started by King Alfred the Great. 4. The Code of English Law was drawn up. VI century was the era of the expansion of the Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain, and it ended their undivided domination of the island. 1 place ( to my mind..) Political unification of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The political unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was sped up by the urgent task of defending the country against the dangerous raids of the new enemies. 2 place Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. Thus the spread of Christianity promoted a revival of learning. Such English words of Greek origin as arithmetic, mathematics, theatre and geography, or words of Latin origin, such as school, paper and candle reflect the influence of the Roman civilization, a new wave of which was brought about in the 7th century by Christianity. The Christian religion had a tremendous influence over men’s minds and actions. It controlled the most important events of their life—baptism, marriage and burial. There was a church in every village and the villagers were compelled to attend the religious services held by the priests. Church became a powerful instrument in the hands of the feudal lords. 3 placeThe Code of English Law was drawn up. In the reign of Alfred the Great the power of the royal officials strengthened greatly. The whole country was divided into shires and hundreds as before and through his officials King Alfred held all parts of the country under strict control. Alfred’s policy was pursued for the benefit of the big landowners. The king and the class of the landowners he represented needed both a literate clergy to talk the poor into being obedient and literate officials who could rule the feudal state. In the reign of Alfred the Great, the kingdom of England became stronger and it helped the big landowners to defend their property against the invaders and to keep the exploited in obedience. 4 place The written history of England called "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" was started by King Alfred the Great. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. 16.Speak about European and English forms of feudalism, using following schemes and explanations. The arrows on the schemes show the power of one people over the others.
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European feudalism English feudalism
Feudalism-system of governing and landholding based on land for loyalty.
European feudalism
At the top stands king.The king could not control all of the land by himself, so he divided it up among the Barons. In return, the Barons pledged their loyalty and soldiers to the king. When a king died, his firstborn son would inherit the throne. When one family stayed in power for a long time, this was called a dynasty.
Vassals in the Middle ages were those who held the land, called a fief, and owed service and allegiance to the lord who granted them that land. The vassal was usually a knight or a baron, but could also be a member of the clergy or a trusted member of nobility. Vassals in the Middle Ages were an integral part of feudalism, which was the system of government throughout Europe in the Middle Ages.
A vassal’s main duty was to be the assistant, or second in command, to whomever their direct feudal lord was. This meant anyone from a clergy member to the King. However, vassals in the Middle Ages had many responsibilities. One of the most important duties of vassals in the Middle ages was to maintain the manor of their feudal lord and watch over the day to day activities in the manor.
A knight who had been rewarded with land pledged his military services. This was called the Feudal Levy.
A Knights Armor was extremely expensive to produce. It had to be tailor-made to fit the Knight exactly or the Knight ran the risk of an ill-fitting suit of armor hampering him in battle. In the early Middle Ages a horse played an extremely important part in the life of a knight. A knight would own several horses which were built for different duties. The Courser was the most sought after and expensive warhorse, but the more common warhorses were the Destriers. The wealthy noblemen who became mounted knights were worth the equivalent of ten foot soldiers. This changed with the emergence of feudalism. A successful soldier could become wealthy and knighthood conferred regardless of his background.
Villain, was a term used in the feudal era to denote a peasant (tenant farmer) who was legally tied to a lord of the manor – a villein in gross – or in the case of a villein regardant to a manor.Villeins occupied the social space between a free peasant (or "freeman") and a slave. The majority of medieval European peasants were villeins. An alternative term is serf, from the Latinservus, meaning "slave". A villein could not leave the land without the landowner's consent.
Feudalism as practiced in the Kingdom of England was a state of human society which was formally structured and stratified on the basis of land tenure and the varieties thereof. Society was thus ordered around relationships derived from the holding of land, which landholdings are termed "fiefdoms, fiefs, or fees".
person of the king (asserting his allodial right) was the only absolute "owner" of land. All nobles, knights and other tenants, termed vassals, merely "held" land from the king, who was thus at the top of the "feudal pyramid".
Below the king in the feudal pyramid was a tenant-in-chief (generally in the form of a baron or knight) who was a vassal of the king.
Barons leased land from the King which was known as a manor. They were known as the Lord of the Manor and were in complete control of this land. They established their own system of justice, minted their own money and set their own taxes. In return for the land they had been given by the King, the Barons had to serve on the royal council, pay rent and provide the King with Knights for military service when he demanded it. They also had to provide lodging and food for the King and his court when they travelled around the country. The Barons kept as much of their land as they wished for their own use, then divided the rest among their Knights. Barons were very rich.
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