Communicative scheme of translation.
26. The process of translation performed within the framework of inter-lingual communication, may be represented by a conventional scheme (see scheme 3).
In this scheme, all elements, connected with the original text, are designated by circles, and elements, connected with the text of translation – by squares. At the beginning of the process of communication there is the Source of information (S), i.e. the author of the original. Using the source language (SL), the units of which directly or obliquely reflect the objective reality (R), the S creates a text in the SL, which is the original in the process of inter-lingual communication, containing certain information. The S actions are a series speech acts in the SL, intended for the Receptor, using the same language (SR), having the same cultural-historical and linguistic experience (Ex) and taking into consideration the situation, in which the communication takes place (Sit). All this makes it possible for the R to extract from the ST information contained in it, or simply speaking, understand its contents. Everything connected with the SR is designated by dotted line because he does not take part in inter-lingual communication.
The translator (T) continues the process of inter-lingual communication. His role is very important and complicated, and it is designated by a combination of a square together with a circle. The T is a R in the speech act of the S and he creates a text in another language (TL), intended for another R – TR, who knows the TL and is oriented on a different preceding experience and situation of communication. It is clear that the T does not only create a text in the TL. He creates a text, which is going to be used as a translation of the given original, i.e. to be its full-value substitute. The relations of semantic and structural similarity of the ST and the TT are designated in the scheme by several parallel dotted lines, connecting the ST and the TT. And, finally, TR extracts from the TT information contained in it, thus ending both the speech act in the TL and the whole process of inter-lingual communication.
27. The translator as a participant of a complicated kind of speech communication simultaneously performs several communicative functions. First, he acts as a SR, i.e. takes part in the act of communication in the SL. Second, he acts as a creator of the text in the TL, i.e. he takes part in the act of communication in the TL. Third, he does not create only a text in the TL, but a text of translation, i.e. a text which functionally, semantically and structurally is a full-value substitute of the original. This means that the translator unites the SL and the TL speech acts, of which he is a participant. He analyzes segments (pieces) of speech in the original and the unit of the SL, constituting these segments, finds out equivalent units for them in the TL, constructs speech utterances from them, compares them with the SL ones, chooses the final variant of translation. Choosing a speech utterance in the TL as a translation of some unit of the original, the translator states the communicative equality of the two segments of the text in different languages. Thus, the process of translation and its result wholly depend on communicative possibilities (abilities) of a translator, his knowledge and skills.
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28. In the process of translation, like in one-language communication, inter-lingual communication is effected by uniting two forms of the message in one act of communication, that are treated by the communicants as communicatively equal (similar). However, there is also an essential difference. In the process of one-language communication the invariability of the sent and the received message is ensured by the fact that both the communicants use the same language system, with the same number of units with a more or less fixed meaning, which is interpreted in the same way. Things are different and more complicated in translation. Here as quazi-identical forms of one and the same message function texts, created on the basis of different language systems out of units, which do not coincide either in the form or in the meaning. That’s why deviation between these forms is conditioned not only by individual differences of communicants, but by differences between the languages. Of course, individual differences are also present, but they are only the background. That’s why the possibility and regularities of performing the translation are determined, in the first place, by the ability of texts in different languages to act as communicatively equal ones in the process of communication.
A most important task of the translation theory is to reveal linguistic and extra-linguistic factors, which make the identification of the contents of the messages in different languages possible. Semantic similarity of the ST and the TT is called equivalence of translation (to the original). The study of real relations between the contents of the original and that of the translation makes it possible to establish the limits of this similarity., i.e. a maximum semantic similarity of different-language texts, and also to establish the minimum similarity with the original, when the given text can be considered an equivalent translation.
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