Old Mother Hubbard Went to the Cupboard
Old Mother Hubbard
Went to the cupboard
To fetch her poor dog a bone;
But when she came there
The cupboard was bare
And so the poor dog had none.
She went to the baker’s
To buy him some bread;
But when she came back
The poor dog was dead.
She went to the undertaker’s
To buy him a coffin;
But when she came back
The poor dog was laughing.
(A nursery rhyme)
Can’t buy me love
I’ll buy you a diamond ring, my friend,
If it makes you feel all right.
I’ll get you anything, my friend,
If it makes you feel all right.
I’ll give you all I’ve got to give
If you say you love me too.
I may not have a lot to give,
But what I‘ve got, I’ll give to you,
For I don’t care too much for money,
For money can’t buy me love.
(John Lennon and Paul McCartney)
Enlarge upon the statement: ” Money can’t buy everything.”
Idealists
Brother Tree,
Why do you reach and reach?
Do you dream some day to touch the sky?
Brother Stream,
Why do you run and run?
Do you dream some day to fill the sea?
Brother Bird,
Why do sing and sing?
Do you dream –
Young Man,
Why do you talk and talk?
(Alfred Kreymborg)
Everything has its appointed hour, there is
A time for all things under heaven;
A time for birth, a time for death,
A time to plant and a time to uproot,
A time to kill, a time to heal,
A time to break down and a time to build,
A time to cry, a time to laugh,
A time to mourn, a time to dance,
A time to scatter and a time to gather,
A time to embrace, a time to refrain,
A time to seek, a time to lose,
A time to keep, a time to throw away,
A time to tear, a time to sew,
A time for silence and a time for speech,
A time for love, a time for hate,
A time for war, a time for peace.
(Ecclesiastes, III/1-8. (The Holy Bible. A new translation by James Moffatt D.D., D.Litt., M.A. (Oxon))
When hungry, it is good to eat;
When thirsty, sweet to drink;
When tired, to bathe the weary feet;
When solitary to think…
Walter De La Mare
Winter Pleasures
What a wealth of jolly things
Good old winter always brings!
Ice to skate on, hills to coast –
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Don’t know which we like the most!
Games to play, and corn to pop –
Midnight seems too soon to stop!
Books to read aloud at night,
Songs to sing, and plays to write!
Nona Keen Duffy
What is good to do in winter when one is 5,18, 40, 75 years old?
Paper
Paper is two kinds, to write on, to wrap with.
If you like to write, you write.
If you like to wrap, you wrap.
Some papers like writers, some like wrappers.
Are you a writer or a wrapper?
Carl Sandburg
The Falling Star
I saw a star slide down the sky,
Blinding the north as I went by,
Too burning and too quick to hold,
Too lovely to be bought or sold,
Good only to make wishes on
And then forever to be gone.
Sara Teasdale
3.Limericks
Read these limericks. Can you find all the infinitives and the infinitive constructions in them? Learn the limerick you like the best and recite it in class.
There was anOld Person whose habits
Induced him to feed upon the rabbits;
When he’d eaten eighteen
He turned perfectly green,
Upon which he relinquished those habits.
There was a Young Lady whose nose
Was so long that it reached to her toes;
So she hired an old lady,
Whose conduct was steady,
To carry that wonderful nose.
There was an Old Person of Prague,
Who was suddenly taken with the plague;
But they gave him some butter.
Which caused him to mutter.
And cured that Old person of Prague.
There was an Old Person of Rhodes,
Who strongly objected to toads;
He paid several cousins
To catch them by dozens,
That futile Old Person of Rhodes.
There was an Old Man of Merlose,
Who walked on the tips of his toes,
But they said, ‘It ain’t pleasant
To see you at present,
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You stupid Old Man of Merlose.’
There was an Old Person of Rheims,
Who was troubled with horrible dreams;
So, to keep him awake,
They fade him on cake,
Which amused that Old Person of Rheims.
There was an Old Man of Whitehaven,
Who danced a quadrille with a raven;
But they said, ‘It’s absurd
To encourage this bird!’
So they smashed that Old Man of Whitehaven.
There was an Old Man of the Hague,
Whose ideas were excessively vague;
He built a balloon
To examine the moon,
That deluded Old Man of the Hague.
There was an Old Man with an owl,
Who continued to bother and howl;
He sat on a rail
And imbibed bitter ale,
Which refreshed that Old Man and his owl.
There was an Old Person of Ewell,
Who chiefly subsisted on gruel;
But to make it more nice
He inserted some mice,
Which refreshed that Old Person of Ewell.
Familiar Quotations
Read the quotations and choose one to react to.
a) Explain its meaning in your own words. b) Do you agree with it? Write a two-page reaction to the quotation.
The world is governed more by appearances than by realities, so that it is fully as necessary to seem to know something as to know it.
Webster
It is human nature to think wisely and to act foolishly.
France
They have a right to censure that have a heart to help.
Penn
To be absolutely certain about something, one must know everything or nothing about it.
The best way to cheer yourself up is to try to cheer somebody else up.
Mark Twain
To avoid criticism, do nothing, say nothing, be nothing.
Elbert Hubbard
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One of the secrets of life is to keep our intellectual curiosity acute.
Phelps
Some people are so afraid to die that they never begin to live.
Van Dyke
There are two tragedies in life. One is not to get your heart’s desire. The other is to get it.
Bernard Shaw
In all things it is better to hope than to despair.
Goethe
Difficulties are meant to rouse, not to discourage.
Channing
It’s better to be alone than in bad company.
George Washington
To find the fault is easy; to do better may be difficult.
Plutarch
The best way to convince a fool that he is wrong is to let him have his own way.
Billings
To err is human, to forgive divine.
Pope
The only way to have a friend is to be one.
Emerson
Funny Stories
Read these funny stories, choose one to tell to your class-mates. Could you tell any more stories with the Infinitive?
A Boy Who Can’t Behave
“Oh, auntie!” cried little Annie, ”Make Freddie behave himself. Every time I hit him on the head he bursts out crying!”
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Not Frightened
A landlord is said to have sent the following message to his steward: ”Tell my tenants that no threats to kill you are likely to frighten me. They are sure to pay the rent when they realize it.”
A Singular Man
Brother: Are you really going to marry John? He is said to be strange. At any rate, he is unlike other young men.
Sister: Oh, yes, I’m determined to marry him. If he is indeed unlike other young men, he is likely to make a very good husband.
The Medicine Must be of Use
A woman, who is known to be both irritable and short-tempered, is pressing her husband to take some very unpleasant medicine for his cold. “I’ll be hanged if it doesn’t help you,” she exclaims, already out of patience with her husband. “Do take it, old boy,” says a friend, who has called on the invalid, “it is sure to do you good one way or the other.”
Is Love Blind?
A young man had been talking to his friend about his bride. The friend kept silence all the while. When at last the young lover asked for his opinion, he said, “What do you expect me to say? Love is said to be blind. But the statement seems to be completely wrong. For some fellows in love appear to see more virtues in their sweethearts than any other people are ever likely to.”
Modesty
“ A real man of genius is above all modest,” says a young poet,” he never brags. Modesty is a true sign of greatness. For instance, have you ever heard me praise myself?”
Prepared in Advance
Barrister (speaking to a witness): I want you to tell me the truth and only the truth. How far were you standing from the place of the accident?
Witness (without a moment’s hesitation): Just four yards, two feet and six inches.
Barrister (slightly taken aback): How can you be so exact?
Witness: Well, I expected some fool to ask me this question and I thought it fit to measure the distance.
The Science of Speaking
A very talkative youth wanted Socrates to teach him oratory. He expected the philosopher to work wonders, for in his case the teacher would deal with an exceptionally gifted pupil, with whom talking was second nature. He begged Socrates to hear him speak on some subject. Socrates let him talk as much as he liked and then said, “I’ll have to charge you double, for I’ll have to teach you two sciences: how to speak and how to hold your tongue.”
6. Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
1.
“If the Dean doesn’t take back what he said to me this morning, I am going to leave college.”
“What did he say?”
“He told me to leave college.”
2.
A college freshman was being severely criticized by his professor.
“Your last paper was very difficult to read,” said the professor.
“Your work should be so written that even the most ignorant will be able to understand it.”
3.
The professor was delivering the final lecture of the term. He dwelt with much emphasis on the fact that each student should devote all the intervening time preparing for the final examination.
“The examination papers are now in the hands of the printer. Are there any questions to be asked?”
Silence prevailed. Suddenly a voice inquired: “Who is the printer?”
4.
In one of college classes the professor was unable to stay for the class, so he placed a sign on the door which read as follows: “Professor Blank will be unable to meet his classes today”.
Some college lad, seeing his chance to display his sense of humour after reading the notice, walked up and erased the “c” in the word “classes”. The professor noticing the laughter, then walked back, looked at the student, and then erased the “l” in “lasses”.
5.
Prof.: “Never mind the date. The examination is more important.”
Student: “Well, sir. I wanted to have something right on my paper.”
6.
The young lady walked boldly up to a woman whom she took to be superintendent at the hospital.
“May I see Captain Williams?” she asked.
“May I ask who you are?”
“Certainly, I am his sister.”
“Well, well, I’m glad to meet you. I’m his mother.”
7.
She (tenderly): “when did you first know you loved me?”
He: “When I began to get mad when people said you were brainless and unattractive.”
8.
“Why are you going to marry that police captain?”
“It is against the law, to resist an officer.”
The Gerund
Introduction
7.1.The Gerund is formed by adding the suffix –ing to the stem of a verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.
7.2.The Gerundhas nominal and verbal characteristics. Its nominal properties are as follows:
a) The Gerund can perform the functions of a subject, object and predicative.
Digging is hard work.
Someone suggested going for a walk.
The difficult part was finding the money.
b) The Gerund can be preceded by a preposition.
What’s wrong with borrowing a little money?
It’s just a matter of filling in a form.
c) Like a noun the Gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun.
It’s a bit inconvenient your coming in late.
Sarah’s laughing at my accent is getting on my nerves.
The verbal characteristics of the Gerund are as follows:
a) The Gerund can take a direct object.
No one likes washing a car.
b) The Gerund can be modified by an adverb.
We didn’t want to risk completely spoiling the evening.
She burst out crying bitterly.
c) The Gerund has analytical forms expressing tense and voice distinctions.
He’s regretting now having come.
She became conscious of being gazed upon.
Forms of the Gerund
In modern English, the gerund has the following forms.
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | playing | being played |
| Perfect | having played | having been played |
8.1. The Indefinite Gerund denotes an action simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb; it can refer to the past, present or future.
It was nice meeting you.
Dancing is not allowed.
The Perfect gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.
Sarah remembered having visited the place before.
They deny having spoken with him.
However, the Indefinite gerund can also denote a prior action:
a) after the verbs remember, forget, excuse, forgive, thank.
Sarah remembered visiting the place before.
b) after the prepositions after, on/upon, without.
On turning the corner, I saw a most unexpected sight. (=As soon as I had turned…)
8.2. The Active Gerund is used when the subject of the action is at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.
They left without playing the match.
The Passive Gerund is used when the subject is not the doer of the action but a person or a thing the action is directed at.
Let’s not risk being caught in a traffic jam.
I’m annoyed at having been made a fool of.
The Active Gerund is used after need, want, require, deserve and the adjective worth with a passive meaning.
These windows need painting. (=need to be painted)
The cupboard wants tidying out.
The guided tour might be worth taking.
Functions of the Gerund
In a sentence, the gerund is used in different syntactic functions:
Subject
I think walking in the country is a lovely way to spend a day.
If the gerund follows the predicate the sentence opens with a formal subject: the introductory it or the construction there is.
It wouldn’t be much use trying to stick the pieces together again.
There was no mistaking the expression on her face.
She made up her mind – there’s no arguing with her.
Predicative
Jeremy’s hobby is inventing computer games.
What I suffer from is not being able to sleep.
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