Fill in the diagram with missing information from the text
Comprehension Check
1. The text has nine paragraphs A-I. Which paragraph mentions:
A) future power plants; b) operating principle of a jet engine c) classification of jet engines.
Define the main idea of paragraph A. Find the supporting details that help to develop the main idea.
3. Explain the difference between:
a) piston engine and jet engine
b) rocket engine and jet engine
Match the terms with their definitions.
1. In this type of engine energy is derived a. jet engine
from a chemical reaction which takes
place inside the engine.
2. This is the combination of a turbine b. piston engine
and a propeller.
3. This type of engine contains propellant c. turboprop engine
components within the vehicle itself.
4. In this type of engine a piston and d. turbofan engine
connecting rods drive a rotating
crankshaft.
5. In this type of engine heated air is e. internal combustion engine
ejected with a high velocity producing
thrust.
6. This type of engine combines the f. rocket engine
turbine and the fan.
Explain the terms in your own words.
Supersonic speed, excessive heat, heat exchanger, vacuum, cooling system.
Answer the following questions.
1. What is the most essential part of any airplane?
2. Why were the piston engines almost exclusively used for the first forty years of
powered flight?
3. What engines does the term “internal combustion engine” refer to?
4. What is the jet propulsion device?
5. What device can provide interplanetary travel?
6. What is the main limitation for interplanetary travel?
7. What are the main problems connected with using of atomic energy as a source of power?
Vocabulary Focus
Match words in A with words B to form the word combinations.
A B
maintain speed
jet engine
exhaust vehicle
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interplanetary rod
shielding reaction
operating flight
sonic principle
connecting mass
chemical material
reliable propulsion
Translate into English.
Отводить избыточное тепло, прямоточный воздушно-реактивный двигатель, защитить экипаж, ограничение, существенное отличие, ЛА тяжелее воздуха, топливная смесь, приводить в движение самолёт, защитный материал.
3. Give the English equivalents to the words in the brackets.
1. The aircraft power plant must be (надёжный).
2. It was needed an airplane possessing (высокие лётные качества).
3. Piston engines are classified according to the (система охлаждения ) as (с воздушным охлаждением) and (жидкостным охлаждением) engines.
4. The (традиционный) piston engines are not suitable for speeds in excess of 500 mph.
5. A rocket engine can provide a possible (средство) for interplanetary (транспортное средство).
6. The problem is to use atomic energy as a (источник энергии).
7. One of the main problems is the design of efficient (теплообменник).
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In the text highlight the words and phrases which mean the same as these phrases.
Safe, to support (A); to obtain, aim (C); operate (D); restriction, airscrew (E); fuel, aircraft (H).
Writing
Translate the text in a written form.
Solar sail is a form of spacecraft propulsion using large membrane mirrors. Radiation pressure is small and decreases by the square of the distance from the sun, but unlike rockets, solar sails require no fuel. Although the thrust is small, it continues as long as the sun shines and the sail is deployed.
Solar collectors, temperature-control panels and sun shades are occasionally used as expedient solar sails, to help ordinary spacecraft and satellites make minor corrections to their attitude and orbit without using fuel. This conserves fuel that would otherwise be used for maneuvering and attitude control.
The science of solar sails is well-proven, but the technology to manage large solar sails is still undeveloped. Mission planners are not yet willing to risk multimillion dollar missions on unproven solar sail unfolding and steering mechanisms. This neglect has inspired some enthusiasts to attempt private development of the technology, such as the Cosmos 1.
The concept was first proposed by German astronomer Johannes Kepler in the seventeenth century. It was again proposed by Friedrich Zander in the late 1920s and gradually refined over the decades.
Speaking
1. You are to prepare a report for student’s scientific conference. Proposed topics are:
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