The History of the Automobile

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 4 из 5Следующая ⇒

The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile. However, we can point to the many firsts that occurred along the way. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by both Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton.

In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804). Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle, built under his instructions at the Paris Arsenal by mechanic Brezin.

It was used by the French Army to haul artillery at a whopping speed of 2 1/2 mph on only three wheels. The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power. The steam engine and boiler were separate from the rest of the vehicle and placed in the front. In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident.

4. Согласитесь либо опровергните высказывания.

1. The automobile as we know it was invented in a single day by a single inventor.

2. It is estimated that over 200,000 patents created the modern automobile.

3. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by both Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton.

4. In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by Cugnot.

5. The steam engine and boiler were separate from the rest of the vehicle and placed in the front.

5. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

Единственный изобретатель, создать современный автомобиль, моторизированное дорожно-транспортное средство, военный трактор, паровой двигатель и бойлер.

6. Продолжите предложения.

1. The history of the automobile reflects ….

2. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle ….

3. In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle ….

4. It was used by the French Army to haul artillery ….

5. The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen ….

Вариант №8

1. Перепишите предложения, употребляя данные в скобках глаголы в соответствующей видовременной форме активного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Lily (stay) at the Grand Palace Hotel now. I (envy) her a bit.

2. We (find) our key half an hour ago. It (be) behind the door.

3. I (wash) already the dishes and have spare time now.

4. Last summer I (go) to Italy with my colleague. We (have) good time there.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркивая в каждом из них модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You ought to pass your exams well if you want to get a good diploma.

2. Ted can play the violin perfectly. You may invite him to the concert.

3. Will you be able to a bit louder? I can’t hear anything.

4. You mustn’t be late for your meeting. It will make no good.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Long Awaited Eastern Ring Road Opens

The eastern half of the ring road around St. Petersburg, or KAD, an ambitious project aimed at solving many of the city^,s traffic and environmental problems was officially opened on Thursday. ′′Now all cargo transport will be eliminated from the city center entirely, which will significantly improve the transport and the ecology situation in the city, ′′Governor Valentina Matviyenko said on Thursday.

The construction of the road included building the new Bolshoi Obukhovsky suspension bridge, also known as Vantovy Bridge, a new St. Petersburg landmark and one of the 40 biggest suspension bridges of this kind in the world. Opened for traffic on Friday, the bridge will have further lanes added and be complete in 2007, inter-fax reported on Thursday, citing Matviyenko. The eastern section of the road allows drivers to bypass the city on north-south routes and connects the Primorsky and Moscow trunk roads. Construction on the $2 billion project began in 2001.

4. Согласитесь либо опровергните высказывания.

1. The eastern half of the ring road around St. Petersburg, or MKAD.

2. KAD is an ambitious project aimed at solving many of the city^,s traffic and environmental problems.

3. KAD was officially opened by the Governor Valentina Matviyenko.

4. The construction of the road included building the new Bolshoi Obukhovsky suspension bridge.

5. The eastern section of the road allows drivers to bypass the city on north-south routes.

5. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

Кольцевая дорога, направленный на решение многих проблем, строительство дороги, подвесной Вантовый мост, объезжать город.

6. Продолжите предложения.

1. The eastern half of the ring road around St. Petersburg ….

2. ′′Now all cargo transport will be eliminated from the city center entirely ….

3. The construction of the road included building the new Bolshoi Obukhovsky suspension bridge ….

4. Opened for traffic on Friday, the bridge will have ….

5. Construction on the $2 billion project….

Вариант №9

1. My brother (watch) a film in the cinema now. Don’t ring him up.

2. She (break) her leg when she (go) downstairs at the office yesterday.

3. We (come) to the meeting in time tomorrow. I promise you.

4. Last summer Betty (go) to Ireland to visit her sister.

1. I have to leave you for some time. You may wait for me here.

2. Nobody could understand what he was inclining to.

3. Will you be able to shut the window? I’m not strong enough.

4. He needed someone’s help and I could not refuse him.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Roads, Their History

A road is a land line which is organized and equipped for moving people and transport vehicles. It is a constituent part of a transport infrastructure.

An automobile road includes a whole complex of functionally connected constructive elements and artificial building constructions. It is intended for supplying safe movement of different vehicles. Each road includes a traffic area as well as tram ways, sidewalks, roadsides and disjunctive lines.

The first roads appeared in the fourth century BC. One of them was found in Mesopotamia and another one was in an English town of Glastonbury. Sweet Track is the first prehistoric paved bulk road which was founded on the swamp coastal plain Somerset Levels in the County of Somerset.

This road was built in the 39^th century BC. It consisted of wood crossbeams which were put one on another. It was made of ash-tree, oak-tree and linden.

4. Согласитесь либо опровергните высказывания.

1. A road is a land line which is organized and equipped for moving people and transport vehicles.

2. It is not a constituent part of a transport infrastructure.

3. The first roads appeared in the fifth century BC.

4. An automobile road includes a whole complex of functionally connected constructive elements and artificial building constructions.

5. Sweet Track is the first prehistoric paved bulk road which was founded on the swamp coastal plain Somerset Levels.

5. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

Дорожно-транспортные средства, дорожная инфраструктура, искусственные строительные сооружения, обочины, тротуары.

6. Продолжите предложения.

1. A road is a land line which is organized and equipped ….

2. It is intended for supplying safe movement of ….

3. Each road includes a traffic area as well as tram ways ….

4. One of them was found in Mesopotamia and ….

5. It consisted of wood crossbeams which were ….

Вариант №10

1. Richard (speak) to a foreign partner now. Don’ disturb him.

2. Yesterday we (fill) in all necessary documents. Here they (be).

3. We (come) to the meeting in order to solve the problem of payment.

4. I usually (read) fresh newspapers in the evening.

1. They have to stay here for a while because the question is still open.

2. Nobody could say whether it could be true.

3. Will you be able to print this document at home? The printer will not work here.

4. I need much money for developing this project.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

SURVEYING

Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. To accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of mathematics, physics, engineering and law.

Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history. It is required in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.

Building surveying emerged in the 1970s as a profession in the United Kingdom by a group of technically minded general practice surveyors. Building surveying is a recognised profession in Britain, Ireland, Australia and Hong Kong.

4. Согласитесь либо опровергните высказывания.

1. Surveying is not a technique, profession, and science.

2. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries.

3. Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment

4. Building surveying emerged in the 1970s as a profession in the United States.

5. Building surveying is a recognised profession in Britain, Ireland, Australia and Hong Kong.

5. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

Геодезия, измерять расстояния и углы, использовать элементы из области математики, человеческая окружающая среда, общепризнанная профессия.

6. Продолжите предложения.

1. Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of accurately …

2. To accomplish their objective, surveyors …

3. Surveying has been an essential element in the development …

4. It is required in the planning and execution of …

5. Building surveying is a recognised profession in …

Дата добавления: 2018-04-04; просмотров: 811; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

Поделиться с друзьями:

⇐ Предыдущая 1 2 345 Следующая ⇒

Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!