The Structure of the RF Courts
The judicial system of the Russian Federation consists of courts at the federal level and regional courts.
The Constitutional Court is the highest judicial body in the Russian Federation. It is made up
of 19 judges, proposed by the President of the Russian Federation and approved by the Federation Council. Since June 2008 the Constitutional Court has been located in St Petersburg.
The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to interpret the RF Constitution; to decide whether a federal law is consistent with the country’s Constitution; and to adjudicate whether or not laws regulations and normative acts passed by the President of the Russian Federation, the Council of the Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, constitutions of republics, charters and other normative acts of the subjects of Russian Federation are consistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the supreme judicial body for all courts of general jurisdiction on civil, criminal and administrative matters. As of today the Supreme Court consists of 123 judges. Judges for the Supreme Court are proposed by the President of the Russian Federation and approved by the upper house of the legislature, the Federation Council. The Supreme Court is located in Moscow.It has jurisdiction as a court of cassation, i.e. it is the highest court of appeal in the land. It is a court of supervisory instance over the courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation and over the tier of district courts below
that level. There are three chambers in the structure of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation: Judicial Chamber on Civil Cases; Judicial Chamber on Criminal Cases; and Military Chamber.
The Judicial System in the United States.
The judicial system in the United States is dual: it consists of the federal
court system and the state court systems. The federal courts are concerned
with cases arising under federal law, and the state courts with cases arising
under state law. While each court system is responsible for hearing certain
cases, neither is completely independent of the other, and the systems often
interact. Furthermore, solving legal disputes and vindicating legal rights are
key goals of both court systems.
The U.S. Constitution created a governmental structure for the United
States known as federalism. Federalism refers to a sharing of powers between
the national government and the state governments. The Constitution gives
|
|
|
certain powers to the federal government and reserves the rest for the states.
Therefore, while the Constitution states that the federal government is
supreme with regard to those powers expressly or implicitly delegated to it,
the states remain supreme in matters reserved to them. This supremacy of
each government in its own sphere is known as separate sovereignty,
meaning each government is sovereign in its own right.
Both the federal and state governments need their own court systems to
apply and interpret their laws. Furthermore, both the federal and state
constitutions attempt to do this by specifically spelling out the jurisdiction
of their respective court systems.
Judicial Branch of the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom does not have a single body of law applicable throughout
the realm. Scotland has its own distinctive system and courts; in Northern Ireland, certain spheres of law differ in substance from those operating in England and Wales.
The Judiciary of the United Kingdom is not a single body either. Each of the separate legal systems in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and
Scotland have their own judiciary.
There are various levels of judiciary in England and Wales — different types of courts have different styles of judges.
As a part of the constitutional changes of April 2006, the Lord Chief Justice is responsible for some 400 statutory functions, which were previously the responsibility of the Lord Chancellor. For example, the Lord Chief Justice now decides where judges sit, and the type of cases they hear. To do this, the Lord Chief Justice has support from his judicial colleagues, as well as from a small administrative staff.
An outline structure for the organisation of the judiciary has been created. This document provides greater detail about the way in which the changes set out in the Constitutional Reform Act impact on the judiciary.
The Lord Chief Justice has created a Judicial Executive Board to help provide judicial direction and he has also strengthened the existing Judges’ Council, which is representative of all levels of the judiciary. Sometimes different levels of judges have their own representative organisations, for example the Association of Her Majesty’s District Judges, or Council of Her Majesty’s Circuit Judges. These groups represent the interests of judges from a particular level or jurisdiction. Finally, judges also have access to administrative support within the
|
|
|
court environment, whether this is their own allocated clerk, court staff, or legaladvisers for magistrates.
Дата добавления: 2018-04-05; просмотров: 1586; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!