Элементы салона и приборы управления автомобилем на английском языке
- Back seat – заднее сиденье
- Armrest – подлокотник
- Headrest – подголовник
- Seatbelt — ремень безопасности
- Door lock – дверной замок
- Door handle – ручка двери
- Steering wheel / ˈstɪərɪŋ / – рулевое колесо
- Horn / hɔː(r)n / – сигнал, клаксон
- Dashboard – приборная панель
- Air vent – вентиляция
- Hazard light switch / ˈhæzə(r)d / – кнопка аварийной сигнализации
- Glove compartment – бардачок
- Gear shift – рычаг переключения передач
- Accelerator – педаль газа
- Brake – педаль тормоза
- Clutch – педаль сцепления
- Handbrake – ручной тормоз
- Cigarette lighter – прикуриватель
- Temperature gauge / ɡeɪdʒ / – датчик температуры двигателя
- Rev counter / tachometer – тахометр (отображает количество оборотов двигателя в минуту)
- Speedometer – спидометр
- Fuel gauge – указатель уровня топлива
- Lights switch – переключатель света
- Odometer – одометр (отображает пробег автомобиля)
- Air bag – подушка безопасности
- Heater controls – управление обогревом
- Car stereo – автомобильный приемник, автомагнитола
Раздел 1. «The types of engines”
Topic “ENGINE”
1. Vocabulary.
to make – заставлять
to be referred to as – именоваться, называться
to term – называть
to cause – заставлять, вызывать, причинять
although – хотя
to create – создавать
shaft – вал
engine – двигатель
source – источник
wheel – колесо
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
combustion chamber – камера сгорания
to take place – происходить
2. Read and translate the text.
ENGINE
The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move. It is usually referred to as an internal combustion engine because gasoline is burned within its cylinders or combustion chambers. This burning, or combustion, takes place an a high speed termed as an ”explosion”. The high pressure thus created causes a shaft to turn or rotate.
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This rotary motion is transmitted to the car so the wheels rotate and the car moves. Most automobile engines have four or six cylinders, although some eight-, twelve- and sixteen cylinder engines are in use.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is transmitted to the car so the wheels rotate?
2. How many cylinders have most automobile engines?
3. What is the source of power?
4. What can you say about internal combustion engine?
4. Fill in missing words:
1. This burning, or combustion, takes place an (большая скорость).
2. Gasoline is (сгорает внутри цилиндров) or combustion chambers.
3. Power that makes the (колёса вращаются) and the car move.
4. The high pressure thus created causes a (вал поворачивается) or rotate.
5. Most (автомобильные двигатели) have four or six cylinders.
5. Translate into Russian:
car moves, high pressure, internal combustion engine, wheels go around, source of power,
rotary motion, sixteen cylinder engines, transmitted to the car, Most automobile engines,
within its cylinders
Topic “STEAM ENGINE.”
1. Vocabulary.
steam chest – паросборник
the more...the more - чем больше….тем больше
mostly - главным образом, большей частью
to invent – изобретать
to boil - кипеть
pipe - труба
steam - пар
valves - клапана
piston - поршень
to reach - достигать
pressure - давление
stroke - ход
speed - скорость
opening - отверстие
2. Read and translate the text.
STEAM ENGINE.
The steam engine was the first high-speed engine ever invented. The principle of the steam engine is simple. When water is boiled, it changes in to steam. The more the steam is heated, the more pressure it has. A steam engine has some important parts. One is a boiler where fire turns water into steam. The steam goes through a pipe to the other important part - the steam chest with a cylinder and a piston in it. There are valves, or openings, in the steam chest. As the piston moves in the cylinder, it opens and closes the valves automatically, so that fresh steam enters just when the piston has reached the end of its stroke. A rod from the piston is connected to a wheel.
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Now steam engines are mostly used in locomotives.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is connected to a wheel?
2. What are some important parts of a steam engine?
3. What can you say about the principle of the steam engine?
4. Are there are valves, or openings, in the steam chest?
5. How now steam engines are mostly used?
4. Fill in missing words:
1. One is a boiler where __________water into steam.
2. A rod from the piston ___________to a wheel.
3. The steam engine was the first ____________ever invented.
4. As the __________in the cylinder, it opens and closes the_____________, so that fresh steam enters just when the piston has reached the end of its stroke.
Missing words: fire turns, valves automatically, high-speed engine, is connected, piston moves.
5. Translate into English:
пар нагревается, поршень движется, важные части, огонь превращает воду, высокоскоростной двигатель, паросборник с цилиндром, окончание хода, соединяется с колесом, большее давление
Topic “DIESEL ENGINE”
1. Vocabulary.
gallon - галлон - англ. (4,54 л); амер. (3,78 л).
besides – помимо, кроме
to last - длиться, продолжаться, сохраняться
screw – винт
like - похожий, подобный
directly - прямо, непосредственно
alone - один, только
immediately - немедленно, тотчас же
spray - брызги, струя, разбрызгивать, распылять
fuel – топливо
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spark plug – искра свечи
to connect - соединять
charging – загрузка
to inject – впрыскивать
to ignite – зажигать
to use – использовать
2. Read and translate the text.
DIESEL ENGINE
A diesel engine is like a gasoline engine but simpler. Diesel engines are usually larger and can do more work. The fuel used in a diesel engine is oil. In diesel engines only air is blown into the cylinder. It does not need spark plugs. Diesel engines can be four - stroke ones and two - stroke ones. Diesel engines use a cheaper kind of fuel and give more power for each gallon of fuel burned than gasoline engines. Besides they last much longer. In new trains and ships diesel engines run large generators which make electricity. The electricity runs motors which are connected to the wheels of the train or to the ship's screws. The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine. It uses oil as a fuel. The fuel is introduced in the form of spray and the engine requires no special ignition device. In the four-stroke cycle Diesel engine air alone is drawn into the cylinder on the charging stroke. This air is being compressed on the return stroke to a very high pressure. The result of the combustion is that the air is heated to a high temperature. The heavy oil injected into the air at the end of the stroke will be immediately ignited by It. The oil burns rapidly, but without explosion. The compression pressure is much higher than that in any other oil or gas engine.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What happened at the end of the stroke?
2. Is in the four-stroke cycle Diesel engine air or petrol drawn into the cylinder on the charging stroke?
3. What is the result of the combustion?
4. What is fuel used in a diesel engine?
5. A diesel engine is like a gasoline engine but simpler, isn’t it?
6. How diesel engines are used in new trains and ships?
4. Fill in missing words:
1. The ___________is an internal combustion engine.
2. This air is being ________on the return stroke.
3. The electricity ________which are connected to the wheels of the train or to the _________.
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4. Diesel engines use a cheaper _________and give more power for each gallon of ________than gasoline engines.
5. In diesel engines only air ______into the cylinder.
Bank of words: compressed, fuel burned, diesel engine, ship's screws, runs motors, kind of fuel, is blown.
5. True or false:
In new trains and plane diesel engines run large generators which make electricity.
The fuel used in a diesel engine is petrol.
In the four-stroke cycle Diesel engine air alone is drawn into the cylinder on the charging stroke.
The oil burns slowly, but without explosion.
In new trains and ships diesel engines run large generators which make electricity.
Topic “WНАТ IS AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE?”
1. Vocabulary.
detachable - съемный
secure - укреплять, прикреплять
to exert – влиять, оказывать влияние
duration - продолжительность, длительность
succession – последовательность
to comprise - включать, заключать в себе
to succeed - следовать за чем-либо
admission – поступление, доступ, вход
motion – движение
to take place – происходить, случаться
to secure – охранять, предотвращать
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
mechanical energy – механическая энергия
to consist of – состоять из…..
inside – внутри
crankshaft – коленвал
rotary – вращающийся
flywheel – маховик
inlet valve – впускной клапан
exhaust valve – выпускной клапан
camshaft – распредвал
constantly – постоянно
majority – большинство
revolution – поворот
2. Read and translate the text.
WНАТ IS AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE?
The gasoline engine is that type of machine where power generated within the cylinders. The engine is set in motion by the explosions of a mixture of gasoline and air. Combustion takes place above the pistons. The detachable head is secured to the top of the cylinder block. It encloses the cylinder block and forms the combustion chamber. When the fuel is burnt within the cylinders the expansion of gases is used for producing piston movement. Such a type of engine is called the internal combustion engine. In any internal combustion engine the gas charge is drawn into the cylinder. The internal combustion engine converts heat into mechanical energy by burning a mixture of oil fuel and air within its cylinder or cylinders. The internal combustion engine consists of the following: 1. A cylinder (there may be several). 2. A piston which moves up and down inside cylinder. 3. A crankshaft connected to the piston by a rod known as a connecting rod. The connecting rod turns the up-and-down motion of the piston into a rotary motion of the crankshaft. 4. A flywheel which keeps the crankshaft moving when the pressure is exerted upon the top of the piston. 5. Two valves known as the inlet valve and the exhaust valve. 6. A camshaft which is used to open and close the valves. 'Combustion engines may be divided into types according to the duration of the cycle on which they operate. By a cycle is meant the succession of operations in the engine cylinder which constantly repeats itself. The great majority of modern automobile engines operate on the four-stroke cycle.
It is completed in four strokes of the piston, or during two revolutions of the crankshaft. Engines are also being built to operate on a cycle which is completed in two piston strokes. The four-stroke cycle comprises the following four phases or operations, which succeed one another in the order in which they are given: Admission of the charge to the cylinder. Compression of the charge. Combustion of the charge. Expulsion of the products of combustion.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What are the operations in the four-stroke cycle?
2. What can you say about gasoline engine?
3.Discribe the internal combustion engine.
4. A camshaft which is used to open and close the valves, isn’t it?
5. Why is such a type of engine called the internal combustion engine?
6. What energy does the internal combustion engine convert?
7. How many valves are there in the internal combustion engine? What are they?
4. Fill in missing words:
1. It is completed in (четыре хода) of the piston, or during two revolutions of the crankshaft.
2. In any internal combustion engine the (топливо) charge is (всасывается) the cylinder.
3. The detachable head is secured to the top of the (блок цилиндров).
4. The (двигатель) is set in motion by the explosions of a (смесь) of gasoline and air.
5. A (маховик) which keeps the (коленвал) moving when the pressure is exerted upon the top of the piston.
6.It is completed in four strokes of the (поршень) or during two
(поворота) of the crankshaft.
5. Translate into Russian:
the inlet valve and the exhaust valve, gasoline engine, combustion chamber, air within its cylinder, close the valves, two revolutions of the crankshaft, in two piston strokes, connecting rod, great majority, the inlet valve and the exhaust valve, duration of the cycle
Раздел 2 «STARTER MOTOR. DRIVER’S CABIN. THE CHASSIS AND THE BODY. “
Topic “STARTER MOTOR. HOW THE DRIVER STARTS THE CAR?”
1. Vocabulary.
STARTER MOTOR - Электрический стартер
to be put into engagement (зд.) – сцепляться
toothed ring – зубчатый венец
periphery – обод
disengagement gear – выключаемая шестерня
to project – выдаваться, выступать
moisture – влага
to arrange – встраивать
dust – грязь
driver’s cabin – кабина водителя
action – действие
to release pressure on the clutch pedal -отпустить сцепление
to disengage - выключить
direct drive - прямая передача
speed – скорость
hand brake – ручной тормоз
lever - рычаг
clutch pedal – педаль сцепления
lightly – слегка
accelerator pedal – педаль газа
to press – нажимать
to increase – увеличивать
gear shift lever –рычаг переключения скоростей
2. Read and translate the text.
STARTER MOTOR
The starter motor is mounted on the left side of the engine. It is a small motor enclosed to prevent the dust and moisture from entering. The gear on the starter shaft is so arranged that. It can be put into engagement with a toothed ring cut on the periphery of the flywheel. The starter is only required to work for a few seconds. An automatic disengagement gear is used to put it out of action when the engine is started. A steel rod connects it with the pedal that projects through the floor of the driver’s cabin. All that is necessary to start the car, is to press the starting pedal.
HOW THE DRIVER STARTS THE CAR?
Low Speed. The driver releases the hand brake lever and presses on the clutch pedal in order to disengage the clutch. He moves the gear shift lever to the left and back. It is the low speed position. He releases pressure on the clutch pedal and at the same time presses lightly on the accelerator pedal. Now the car is started. He releases the second speed.
Second Speed. The driver released pressure on the accelerator and again disengages the clutch. He moves the gear shift lever through the neutral position. He returns the clutch pedal to its normal position and presses on the accelerator pedal. That is all. He engages the high speed.
High Speed. The driver disengages the clutch as before. He pulls the gear shift lever back from the second position. He increases the speed of the engine. He looks at the speedometer.
3. Answer the questions:
1. How starter motor is mounted?
2. What can you say about an automatic disengagement?
3. How the car is started?
4. Does the driver move the gear shift lever through the neutral position?
5. The driver increases the speed of the engine at the high speed, doesn’t he?
6. What connects it with the pedal that projects through the floor of the driver’s cabin?
4. Fill in missing words:
The gear on the _________is so arranged that.
A steel _______it with the pedal that projects through the floor of the driver’s cabin.
The driver disengages the ______as before.
He ________the gear ________lever through the neutral position.
He ______pressure on the clutch pedal and at the ___________presses lightly on the accelerator pedal.
An automatic ___________gear is used to put it out of action when the _______is started.
Bank of words: moves,starter shaft, engine, clutch, releases, disengagement, rod connects, shift, same time,
5. True or false:
The gear on the starter shaft is so arranged that.
The starter motor is mounted on the right side of the engine.
It cannot be put into engagement with a toothed ring cut on the periphery of the flywheel.
He releases pressure on the clutch pedal and at the same time presses lightly on the brake pedal.
He moves the gear shift lever through the neutral position.
Topic “DRIVER’S CABIN. THE CHASSIS AND THE BODY. “
1. Vocabulary.
burn button – кнопка сигнала
throttle lever – рычаг дроссельной заслонки
lighting switch – выключатель освещения
gear shift lever – рычаг перемены скоростей
head brake lever – рукоятка ручного тормоза
to Jet in motion - приводить в движение
drive shaft - карданный вал
according to - согласно
capacity (зд.) - величина, емкость, вместимость
steering wheel – руль
steering column – рулевая колонка
chassis - ходовая часть
frame – рама
spring - пружина
gear box – набор шестерён
propeller shaft – вал винта
2. Read and translate the text.
DRIVER’S CABIN
There are many control levers in the driver’s cabin. In front of the driver’s seat there are the steering column and the steering wheel. In the middle of the steering wheel there is the horn button. There is also a lighting switch on the steering wheel. What pedal is this? It is the brake pedal. What pedal is to the left of it? It is the clutch pedal. Where is the accelerator pedal? It is to the right of the brake pedal. What pedal is at the foot of the steering column? It is the starter pedal. There is a gear shift lever to the right of the driver. The hand brake lever is beside it.
THE CHASSIS ASD THE BODY.
We divide the car into two capital parts: the chassis and the body. The chassis is the lower part of the car. It consists of a frame with axles, wheels and springs, and an engine which transmits the motion through, the transmission, to the wheels. The engine consists of a, cylinder block, crankcase, crankshaft and many other parts. The crankshaft sets in motion the flywheel.
Transmission consists of. the clutch the gear box, drive shafts and propeller shafts. The body is the upper part of the car. It is designed according to the capacity of the frame.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What levers are there in the driver’s cabin?
2. Where is the hand brake lever?
3. Where is the steering wheel?
4. Where is the lighting switch?
5. Where is the gear shift lever?
6. Into what two capital parts we divide the car?
7. What can you say about transmission?
4. Fill in missing words:
The (ходовая часть) is the lower part of the car.
The engine consists of a, (блок цилиндров), crankcase, (коленвал) and many other parts.
It is designed according to the (величина) of the frame.
It is to the (справа) of the brake pedal.
Transmission (состоит из) the clutch the gear box, drive shafts and (вал винта).
5. Translate into Russian:
clutch pedal, steering column, brake pedal, control levers, driver’s cabin, chassis and the body,
wheels and springs, crankshaft, in motion the flywheel.
Раздел 3 “Systems in the construction of a automobile”
Topic “ Cooling system”
1. Vocabulary.
seat - гнездо
to force - гнать
hollow - полый
water packet - водяная рубашка
entirely - полностью, всецело
as long as - пока
tubular - трубчатый
honey comb – сотовый
variety – разновидность
hexagonal - шестиугольный
sock – спускной кран
to drain off – спускать, осушать
close - кристальный
service brakes - рабочие тормоза
emergency brake - ручной тормоз (стояночный тормоз)
side by side – рядом
majority – большинство
to fill – наполнять
bottom – дно
pump – насос, помпа
to rise – подниматься
variety – сорт, вид, разновидность
2. Read and translate the text.
HOW THE ENGINE IS WATER-COOLED?
The majority of engines are cooled by means of water. The cylinder head, the combustion chamber and the valve seats are surrounded by hollow spaces known as water jackets. They are filled with water. These jackets are connected by pipes to the top and to the bottom of the radiator. The radiator is mounted at the front of the car. There are two circulating methods: pump and thermo-syphon. In the pump system, the pump is placed in the bottom water passage. It is driven by the engine and forces the cooled water into the jackets. It forces the heated water to the top of the radiator where it is cooled again. In the thermo-syphon system of water cooling there is no pump. The system is based on the fact; that hot water is lighter than cold water and has a tendency to rise. So when the water in the jackets of a thermo-syphon cooled engine gets hot, it rises to the top and enters the radiator through the upper pipe. Here it is cooled and goes to the bottom of the radiator and from there back to the jackets. The circulation is entirely automatic and continues as long as there is a difference in temperature between the water in the radiator and that in the jackets. There is a variety of designs in the structure of the radiators The two main types are tubular and honey comb type. In the tubular type а series of flat vertical tubes connect two tanks. The honey comb type is built up of short tubes placed horizontally. Their ends are soldered together, making a labyrinth of narrow spaces between the tubes. These spaces are filled with cooled water. Tubes of various shapes are used round, square, hexagonal. A cock is placed at the lowest point of the radiator to drain off water when it is necessary. Behind the radiator a fan is provided to blow cool air on the tubes containing water. It is driven by a belt from a pulley on the crankshaft.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What are surrounded by hollow spaces known as water jackets?
2. Is there pump in the thermo-siphon system?
3. The honey comb type is built up of short tubes placed horizontally,
isn’t it?
4. Is there a variety of designs in the structure of the radiators?
5. What can you say about connecting of these jackets?
4. Fill in missing words:
These _______are connected by pipes to the top and to the _______of the radiator.
The system is based on the fact; that hot water is _______than cold water and has a ________to rise.
Here it is ______and goes to the bottom of the ________and from there back to the jackets.
In the _________а series of flat __________tubes connect two tanks.
_______the radiator a fan is ________to blow cool air on the tubes containing water.
Bank of words: bottom, behind, jackets, cooled, lighter, tendency, radiator, vertical, tubular type, provided.
5. Translate into English:
через верхнюю трубку, структура радиатора, двигатель становится горячим,
головка цилиндра, узкие пространства, разница температур
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