phonetic and graphical expressive means
- alliteration
deliberate repetition of the same (or acoustically similar) sounds and sound combinations. This expressive means is most frequent in poetry where it creates a certain melodic and emotional effect while enhancing the expressiveness of the utterance:
You l ean, l ong, l anky l ath of a l ousey bastard… (S.O’Casey)
S eldom s een, s oon forgotten.
The w icky, w acky, w ocky bird,
He s ings a s ong that can’t be heard…
He s ings a s ong that can’t be heard.
The wicky, w acky, wocky bird.
The w icky, w acky, w ocky mouse,
He built himself a little house…
But snug he lived inside the house,
The w icky, w acky, wocky mouse.
- assonance
deliberate repetition of the same (or acoustically similar) vowels in close succession aimed at creating a specific sound and contential effect:
Ah, distinctly I remember, it was in the bleak
December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost
upon the fl oor.
Eagerly I wished the m orrow; - vainly I had s ough t
to b orrow
Fr o m my books surcease of s orrow – s orrow f or me
l o st Len ore –
F or the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels
name Len ore –
Nameless here f or everm ore. (E.Poe)
- onomatopoeia
deliberate repetition of sounds and their combinations which, to a certain degree, imitates natural sounds:
I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it. (Th.Wilder)
I had only this one year of working without shhh! (D.Cusack)
- graphon
graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities with deliberate violation of accepted spelling. It is characteristic of prose only and is used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation:
My daddy’s coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (J.Salinger)
Ford automobile operates on a rev-rev-a-lushun-ary principle. (J.Steinbeck)
Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions which in the oral speech are expressed by intonation and stress.
- emphatic use of punctuation
All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical expressive means – aposiopesis, rhetorical question, suspence etc. – and may be not connected with any other expressive means:
And there, drinking at the bar was – Finney! (R.Chandler)
- the changed type (italics, bold type, capitalization etc.)
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- Oh, what’s the difference, Mother?
- Muriel, I want to know. (J.Salinger)
And it’s my bounding duty as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity of American industry to the last ditch. Yes – SIR! (S.Lewis)
Now listen, Ed, stop that, now! I’m desperate. I am desperate, Ed, do you hear? (Th.Dreiser)
- the changed spelling (multiplication, hyphenation etc.)
I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame! (Ch.Dickens)
Don’t let the world pass you by, I shall tell them… For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun… (A.Wesker)
The changed types or spelling are used to indicate the additional stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.
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