Phonetic and graphical expressive means
I. Indicate what graphical expressive means are used in the following extracts:
1. "...I ref-use his money altogezzer." (D.)
2....on pain of being called a g-irl, I spent most of ihe remaining twilights that summer with Miss Maudie Atkinson on her front porch. (H. L.)
3. He misses our father very much. He was s-1-a-i-n in North Africa. (S.)
4. We'll teach the children to look at things... I shall make it into a sort of game for them. Teach them to take notice. Don't let the world pass you by, I shall tell them... For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun... (A.W.)
5. "...I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame!" (D.)
6. You have no conception no con cep tion of what we are fighting over here. (H.L.)
7. "Oh, what's the diff erence, Mother?" "Muriel, I want to know. " (S.)
8. "And it's my bounden duty -as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity of American industry to the last ditch. Yes—SIR!" (S.L.)
9. "Now listen, Ed, stop that, now. I'm desperate. I am desperate, Ed, do you hear? Can't you see?" (Dr.)
II. Indicate the causes and effects of the following cases of alliteration:
1. Both were flushed, fluttered and rumpled, by the late scuffle. (D.)
2. The moan of doves in immemorial elms,
And murmuring of innumerable bees... (T.)
3. His wife was shrill, languid, handsome and horrible. (Sc.F.)
4....he swallowed the hint with a gulp and a gasp and a grin. (R. K-)
5. You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard... (O'C),
6. "Luscious, languid and lustful, isn't she?" "Those are not the correct epithets. She is—or rather was—surly, lustrous and sadistic." (E. W.)
7. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird, He sings a song that can't be heard...
He sings a song that can't be heard. The wicky, wacky, wocky bird.
The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse, He built himself a little house...
But snug he lived inside his house, The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse. (M. N.)
8. But to the men the trip was composed of a mixture of dense anxiety and tense excitement. (J.)
III. State the part of speech, through which onomatopoeia is expressed, and its function.
1. Then with an enormous, shattering rumble, sludge-puff sludge... puff, the train came into the station. (A. S.)
2. I had only this one year of working without shhh! (D.C.)
3. Cecil was immediately shushed. (H.L.)
4. Streaked by a quarter moon, the Mediterranean shushed gently into the beach. (I.Sh.)
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5. "Sh-sh." "But I am whispering." This continual shushing annoyed him. (A. H.)
6. The Italian trio... tut-tutted their tongues at me. (T.C.)
IV. Analyse the following cases of occasional graphon and indicate the causes which produced the mispronunciation (or misinterpretation) of a word, reflected in graphon (age, lack of education, intoxication, stutter, etc.):
1. "What is that?" "A ninsek," the girl said. (H. L.)
2. My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (S.)
3. "Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinctly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
'Is that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom." (U.)
4. After a hum a beautiful Negress sings "Without a song, the dahay would nehever end..." (U.)
5. He ducks into the Ford and in that dusty hot interior starts to murmur: "Ev, reebody loves the, cha cha cha." (U.)
6. He spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" of Boston Irish, and Levy looked up at him and mimicked "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat playing." (N.M.)
7. "Ford automobile operates on a rev-rev-a-lu-shun-ary principle." (St.)
8. …she returned to Mexico City at noon. Next morning the children made a celebration and spent their time writing on the blackboard, "We lov ar ticher." (K.A.P.)
9. She mimicked a lisp. "I don't weally know wevver I'm a good girl." (J. Br.)
10. "Who are they going to hang for it?" he asked Tom. "Probably the Vicar. They know that the last thing he'd do would be to be mixed up with a howwid woman." (J. Br.)
V. Proceeding from your reading experience classify the following examples of permanent graphon according to patterns of their formation and frequency of usage.
1."I got to meet a fella," said Joe. Alf pretended not to hear him... He saw with satisfaction that the fella Joe was going to meet would wait a long time. (St.)
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2. He's the only one of your friends who's worth tuppence, anyway. (O.)
3. Now pour us another cuppa. (A. W.)
4. How are you, dullin? (O.)
5. Come on, I'll show you summat. (St. B.)
6. Well, I dunno. I was kinda threatening him. (St. B.)
7. "...I declare I don't know how you spend it all." "Aw, Ma, - I gotta lotta things to buy." (Th. W.)
8. "That's my nickname, Cat. Had it all my life. They say my old lady must of been scared by a cat when she was having me." (St.)
9. "Hope you fellers don't mind. Gladys, I told you we oughtn't to of eaten them onions, not before comin' on the boat."
"Gimme a kiss an' I'll tell ye if I mind or not." said Ike. (J.D.P.)
10. Say, Ike, what do you think we oughta do? I think we oughta go down on the boat to Seattle, Wash.', like a coupla dude passengers. (J.D.P.)
11. Wilson was a little hurt. "Listen, boy," he told him, "Ah may not be able to read eve'thin' so good, but they ain't a thing Ah can't do if Ah set mah mind to it." (N.M.) t
VI. Substitute the given graphons by their normative graphical interpretation:
1. "You remember him at all?"
"Just, sort of. Little ole private? Terribly unattractive." (S.)
2. "You're one that ruint it." (J.)
3. "You ast me a question. I answered it for you." (J.)
4. "You'll probly be sick as a dog tomorra, Tills." (J.)
5. Marrow said: "Chawming climate out heah in the tropics, old chap." (J. H.)
6. What this place needs is a woman's touch, as they say in the pitchers. (I. Sh.)
7. "You ain't invited-," Doll drawled. "Whada you mean I ain't invited?" (J.)
8. "I've never seen you around much with the rest of the girls. Too badl Otherwise we mighta met. I've met all the rest of 'em so far." (Dr.),
9. You're French Canadian aintcha? I bet all the girls go for you, I bet you're gonna be a great success. (J. K.-)
10. "You look awful – whatsamatter with your face?" (J.K.)
11. "Veronica," he thought. "Why isn't she here? Godamnit, why isn't she here?" (I.Sh.)
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12. "Wuddaya think she's doing out there?" (S.)
13. "…for a helluva intelligent guy you're about as tactless as it's humanly possible to be." (S.)
14. "Ah you guys whattaya doin?" (J.K.)
15. How many cupsacoffee you have in Choy's this morning? (J.)
16. "Do me a favor. Go out in the kitchen and tell whosis to give her her dinner early. Willya?" (S.)
17. "Dont'cha remember me?" he laughed. (T. R.)
18. …looking him straight in the eye, suggested. "Meetcha at the corner?" (S.)
19. "Whatch'yu want? This is Rome." (I. Sh.)
20. "Whereja get all these pictures?" he said. (S.)
Epithet
I. Discuss the structural and semantic peculiarities of epithets.
1. "Can you tell me what time that game starts today?" The girl gave him a lipsticky smile. (S.)
2. The day was windless, unnaturally mild; since morning the sun had tried to penetrate the cloud, and now above the Mall, the sky was still faintly luminous, coloured like water over sand. (Hut.)
3. The hard chairs were the newlywed-suit kind often on show in the windows of shops. (K. A.)
4.... whispered the spinster aunt with true spinster-aunt-like envy... (D.)
5. I closed my eyes, smelling the goodness of her sweat and the sunshine-in-the-breakfast-room smell of her lavender-water. (J. Br.)
6. Stark stared at him reflectively, that peculiar about to laugh, about to cry, about to sneer expression on his face. (J.)
7. Eden was an adept at bargaining, but somehow all his cunning left him as he faced this Gibraltar of a man. (E.D.B.)
8. At his full height he was only up to her shoulder, a little dried-up pippin of a man. (G.)
9. "Thief," Pilon shouted. "Dirty pig of an untrue friend." (St.)
10. An ugly gingerbread brute of a boy with a revolting grin… (P. G. W.)
11. A breeze … blew curtains in and out like pale flags, twisting them up toward the frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling. (Sc. F.)
12. He wore proud boxing gloves of bandages for weeks after that. (St. B.)
13. "I'd rather not know who did it. I'd rather not even think about it."
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"Ostrich," said her husband. (Ch.)
15. “Fool! Idiot! Lunatic!” she protested vehemently. (P. G. W.)
16. "Why, goddam you," Bloom screamed. "You dirty, yellow, sneaking, twofaced, lying, rotten Wop you," he said, "yellow little Wop." (J.)
17. … he was harmless, only just twenty, with a snub nose and curly hair and an air of morning baths and early to bed and plenty of exercise. (J. Br.)
18. His view is that a sermon nowadays should be a bright, brisk, straight-from-the-shoulder address, never lasting more than ten or twelve minutes. (P. G. W.)
19. "Uncle Wills looks at me all the time with a signed 'I told you so' expression in his eyes, "he said impatiently. (D. du M.).
20. So think first of her, but not in the "I love you so that nothing will induce me to marry you" fashion. (G.)
21. Dave does a there-I-told-you-so look. (A. W.)
22. She gave Mrs. Silsburn a you-know-how-men-are look (S.)
23. And one on either side of me the dogs crouched down with a move-if-you-dare expression in their eyes. (Gr.)
24. They (wives) really got only a sense of self-preservation... everything else will be a foreign language to her. You know. Those innocent I-don't-know-what-you're-talking-about eyes? (A. W.)
II. Analyse the following string-epithets as to the length of the string and the quality of its components.
1. She was hopefully, sadly, vaguely, madly longing for something better. (Dr.)
2. The money she had accepted was two soft, green, handsome ten-dollar bills. (Dr.)
3. "You're a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature!" cried Bella. (D.)
4. Jack would have liked to go over and kiss her pure, polite, earnest, beautiful American forehead. (I. Sh.)
5. It was an old, musty, fusty, narrow-minded, clean and bitter room. (R. Ch.)
6. "You nasty, idle, vicious, good-for-nothing brute," cried the woman, stamping on the ground, "why don't you turn the mangle?" (D.)
7. And he watched her eagerly, sadly, bitterly, ecstatically as she walked lightly from him … (Dr.)
8. There was no intellectual pose in the laugh that followed, ribald, riotous, cockney, straight from the belly. (D. du M.)
9. Mrs. Bogart was not the acid type of Good Influence. She was the soft, damp, fat, sighing, indigestive, clinging, melancholy, depressingly hopeful kind. (S. L.)
10. "A nasty, ungrateful, pig-headed, brutish, obstinate, sneaking dog," exclaimed Mrs. Squeers. (D.)
11....they thought themselves superior. And so did Eugene – the wretched creature! The cheap, mean, nasty, selfish upstarts! Why, the majority of them had nothing. (Dr.)
III. Pick out metaphorical epithets.
1. The iron hate in Saul pushed him on again. He heard the man crashing off to his right through some bushes. The stems and twigs waved frantically with the frightened movement of the wind. (M. W.)
2. She had received from her aunt a neat, precise, and circumstantial letter. (W.D.)
3. There was an adenoidal giggle from Audrey. (St. B.)
4. Liza Hamilton was a very different kettle of Irish. Her head was small and round and it held small and round convictions. (St.)
5. He would sit on the railless porch with the men when the long, tired, dirty-faced evening rolled down the narrow valley, thankfully blotting out the streets of shacks, and listen to the talk. (J.)
6. There was his little scanty travelling clothes upon ' him. There was his little scanty box outside in the shivering wind. (D.)
7. His dry tailored voice was capable of more light and shade than Catherine had supposed (Hut.)
8. All at once there is a goal, a path through the shapeless day. (A.M.)
9. With his hand he shielded his eye against the harsh watty glare from the naked bulb over the table. (S.)
IV. Speak about morphological, syntactical and semantic characteristics of epithets.
1. "It ain't o'no use, Sir," said Sam, again and again. "He's a malicious, bad-disposed, vordly-minded, spiteful, windictive creetur, with a hard heart as there ain't no soft'nin" (D.)
2. I pressed half a crown into his ready palm and left. (W. Q.)
3. Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it.
4. He viewed with swift horror the pit into which he had tumbled, the degraded days, unworthy desires, wrecked faculties and base motives that made up his existence.
5. Cecily, ever since I first looked at your wonderful and incomparable beauty, I have dared to love you wildly, passionately, devotedly, hopelessly. (O. W.)
6. The noon sun is lighting up red woundlike stains on their surfaces... (A. M.)
7. He was young and small and almost as dark as a Negro, and there was a quick monkey-like roguishness to his face as he grabbed the letter, winked at Bibi and shut the door. (T. C.)
8. The open-windowed, warm spring nights were lurid with the party sounds, the loud-playing phonograph and martini laughter that emanated from Apartment 2. (T.C)
9. A spasm of high-voltage nervousness ran through him. (T. H.)
10. "Fool," said the old man bitingly. (Ch.)
V. Suggest the object the quality of which was used in the following transferred epithets.
1. He was a thin wiry man with a tobacco-stained smile. (T. H.)
2. He sat with Daisy in his arms for a long silent time. (Sc. F.)
3. There was a waiting silence as the minutes of the previous hearing were read. (M.W.)
4. He drank his orange-juice in long cold gulps. (I. Sh.).
5. The only place left was the deck strewn with nervous cigarette butts and sprawled legs. (J.)
6. Leaving indignant suburbs behind them they finally emerged into Oxford Street. (Ch.)
7. She watched his tall quick step through the radiance of the corner streetlight(St.)
8. Lottie retreated at once with her fat little steps to the safety of her own room. (Hut.)
9. Boys and young men talking loudly in the concrete accents of the N.Y. streets. (I. Sh.)
SEMINAR 4
PARADIGMATIC SEMASIOLOGY:
FIGURES OF QUANTITY. FIGURES OF QUALITY (SIMILARITY)
Hyperbole
I. Differentiate between the traditional and the genuine hyperboles in the following examples.
1. God, I cried buckets. I saw it ten times. (T. A.)
2. "Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old." (Sc. F.)
3. There were about twenty people at the parly, most of whom I hadn't met before. The girls were dressed to kill. (J. Br.)
4. Tom was conducted through a maze of rooms and labyrinths of passages. (D.)
5. A worn tweed coait on her looked, he always thought, worth ten times the painful finery of the village girls. (St.B.)
6. I hope, Cecily, I shall not offend you if I state quite frankly and openly that you seem to me to be in every way the visible personification of absolute perfection. (O.W.)
II.State the nature of the exaggerated phenomenon (size, quantity, emotion, etc.).
1. … he'll go to sleep, my God he should, eight martinis before dinner and enough wine to wash an elephant. (T. C.)
2. You know how it is: you're 21 or 22 and you make some decisions: then whissh; you're seventy: you've been a lawyer for fifty years, and that white-haired lady at your side has eaten over fifty thousand meals with you. (Th. W.)
3. Calpurnia was all angles and bones; her hand was as wide as a bed slat and twice as hard.
4. This boy, headstrong, wilful, and disorderly as he is, should not have one penny of my money, or one crust of my bread, or one grasp of my hand, to save him from the loftiest gallows in all Europe. (D.)
5. They were under a great shadowy train shed with passenger cars all about and the train moving at a snail pace. (Dr.)
6. She would recollect and for a fraction of a fraction of a second she would think "Oh, yes, I remember," and build up an explanation on the recollection (J. O'H.)
7. Her eyes were open, but only just. "Don't move the tiniest part of an inch." (S.) 8. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed her hands solemnly on her middle. (G.)
III. Analyse the following examples of developed hyperbole.
1. (John Bidlake feels an oppression in the stomach after supper): "It must have been that caviar," he was thinking. "That beastly caviar." He violently hated caviar. Every sturgeon in the Black Sea was his personal enemy. (A. H.)
2. In the intervening forty years Saul Pengarth had often been moved to anger; but what was in him now had room for thirty thousand such angers and all the thunder that had ever crackled across the sky. (M. W.)
3. George, Sixth Viscount Uffenham, was a man built on generous lines. It was as though Nature had originally intended to make two Viscounts but had decided halfway through to use all the material at one go, and get the thing over with. In shape he resembled a pear, being reasonably narrow at the top but getting wider all the way down and culminating in a pair of boots of the outsize or violin-case type. Above his great spreading steppes of body there was poised a large and egglike head, the bald dome of which rose like some proud mountain peak from a foothill fringe of straggling hair. His upper lip was very long and straight, his chin pointed. (P.G. W.)
4. Those three words 'Dombey and Son' conveyed the one idea of Mr Dombey's life. The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in, and the sun and moon were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to float their ships; rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against their enterprises; stars and planets circled in their orbits to preserve a system of which they were the centre. Common abbreviations took new meanings in his eyes and had sole reference to them: A. D. had no concern with Anno Domini, but stood for Anno Dombey and Son. (D.)
5. That was Lulamae and Fred. Well, you never saw a more pitiful something. Ribs sticking out everywhere, legs so puny they can't hardly stand, teeth wobbling so bad they can't chew much. (T. C.)
Litotes
I. Classify the following cases of litotes according to their structure.
1. His sister was in favor of this obvious enthusiasm on the part of her brother, although she was not unaware that her brother more and more gave to her the status of a priviledged governess. (J. O'H.)
2. "I am not unmindful of the fact that I owe you ten dollars." (J. O'H.)
3. "How slippery it is, Sam."
"Not an uncommon thing – upon ice, Sir," replied Mr. Weller. (D.)
4. In a sharp, determined way her face was, not un-handsome. (A.H.)
5. His sentiment of amused surprise was not unmingled with indignation. (J.C.)
6. He was laughing at Lottie but not unkindly. (Hut.)
7. … there was something bayonetlike about her, something not altogether unadmirable. (S.)
8. She had a snouty kind of face which was not completely unpretty. (K. A.)
9. The idea was not totally erroneous. The thought did not displease me. (I. M.)
10. She was not without realisation already that this thing was impossible, so far as she was concerned. (Dr.)
11. It was not without satisfaction that Mrs. Sunbury perceived that Betty was offended. (S. M.)
12. Bell understood, not without sympathy, that Queen had publicly committed himself. (J.)
13. Kirsten said not without dignity: "Too much talking is unwise." (Ch.)
14. She couldn’t help remembering those last terrible days in India. Not that she isn't very happy now, of course... (P.)
15. Well, I couldn't say no: it was too romantic. (Т. С.)
16. I felt I wouldn't say no to a cup of tea. (K-A.)
II. Comment on the nature and function of litotes.
1. JoeClegg also looked surprised and possibly not too pleased. (Ch.)
2. He was not over-pleased to find Wimsey palpitating on his door-step. (D. S.)
3. "How are you feeling, John?" "Not too bad." (K. A.)
4. He wasn't too awful. (E. W.)
5. The place wasn't too tidy. (S. Ch.)
6. I turned to Margaret who wasn't looking too happy.
7. "It's not too bad," Jack said, vaguely defending the last ten years. (I. Sh.)
Antonomasia
I. Discuss the interaction between the nominal and the contextual logical meanings and the associations caused by the latter in the following examples of antonomasia.
1. Kate kept him because she knew he would do anything in the world if he were paid to do it or was afraid not to do it. She had no illusions about him. In her business Joes were necessary. (St.)
2. In the dining-room stood a sideboard laden with glistening decanters and other utilities and ornaments in glass, the arrangement of which could not be questioned. Here was something Hurstwood knew about. He took no little satisfaction in telling each Mary, shortly after she arrived, something of what the art of the thing required (Dr.).
3. (The actress is all in tears). Her manager: "Now what's all this Tosca stuff about?" (S.M.)
4. "Christ, it's so funny I could cut my throat. Madame Bovary at Columbia Extension School!" (S.)
5. "You'll be helping the police, I expect," said Miss Cochran.
"I was forgetting that you had such a reputation as Sherlock." (D.S.)
6. Duncan was a rather short, broad, dark-skinned taciturn Hamlet of a fellow with straight black hair. (D.H.L.)
7. Every Caesar has his Brutus. (О. Н.)
II. State the role of the context in the realization of the logical meaning of a word (or a word combination) in the following examples of antonomasia, commenting
also on their structure.
1. Lady Teazle: Oh! I am quite undone! What will becomeof me? Now, Mr. Logic – Oh! mercy, sir, he's on the stairs – (Sh.)
2. Her mother said angrily, "Stop making jokes. I don't know what you're thinking of. What does Miss Fancy think she'sgoing'to do?" "I don't know yet," said Cathy. (St.)
3. Lucy: So, my dear Simplicity, let me give you a little respite. (Sh.)
4. … we sat down at a table with two girls in yellow and three men, each one introduced to us as Mr. Mumble. (Sc. F.)
5. The next speaker was a tall gloomy man, Sir Something Somebody. (P.)
6. …she'd been in a bedroom with one of the young Italians, Count Something (I. Sh.).
7. Then there's that appointment with Mrs. What's-her-name for her bloody awful wardrobe. (A. W.)
8. Hey, pack it in, ole Son, Mister What's-his-name"ll be here soon to have a look at this squatting chair of his. (A.W.)
9. He's a big chap. Well, you've never heard so many well-bred commonplaces come from beneath the same bowler hat. The Platitude from Outer Space -that's brother Nigel. He'll end upin the Cabinet one day make no mistake. (0.)
10. The average man, Mr. Average Man, Mr. Taxpayer, as drawn by Rollin Kirby looks the average New York man making more than 5000 dollars a year, (J. O'H.).
11. This was Washingmachine Charley, or Louie the Louse as he was also called with less wit. All of them had heard about him of course: the single plane who nightly made his single nuisance raid, and who had been nicknamed by the stouthearted American troops. This information was in all news communiques. And in fact, because of the great height, the sound did resemble the noise made by an antiquated, onelung Maytag washer. But the nickname proved to be generic. (J.)
12. "Rest, my dear, rest. That's one of the most important things. There are three doctors in an illness like yours," he laughed in anticipation of his own joke.
"I don't mean only myself, my partner and theradiologist who does your X-rays, the three I'm referring to are Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air." (D. C.)
III. Indicate the leading feature of the personages characterized by the following "speaking names".
Mr. Gradgrind (D.); Mr. Goldfinger (Fl.); Becky Sharp (Th.); Bosinney the Bucanneer (G.); Lady Teazle, Joseph Surface, Mr. Carefree, Miss Languish, Mr. Backbite, Mr. Snake, Mr. Credulous (Sh,); Holiday Golightly (Т. С); Mr. Butt, Mrs. Newrich, Mr. Beanhead (L.)
IV. Read the following text about nicknames and comment on their semantics.
Moscow News once suggested a likewise explanation of the nicknames: "a man with red hair may be called Carrots, Ginger, or Rusty; the last name hints that he was left out in the rain as a baby. At school a fat boy may be-called Fatty, Tubby, or Football, while a thin one may be called Skinny, Lanky, or Spindly. A. tall one may. be Lofty, Lamp Post, or – in ironical spirit – Tiny or Shorty."
Metaphor
I. Discuss the structure, grammatical category and syntactical functions of metaphors in the following examples.
I. The clock had struck, time was bleeding away. (A. H.)
2. Dance music was bellowing from the open door of the Cadogan's cottage.(Bark.)
3. There had been rain in the night, and now all the trees were curtseying to a fresh wind (A. H.).
4. She took a Bible from the shelf, and read; then, layingit down, thought of the summer days and the bright spring – time that would come, of the sweet air that would steal in... (D.)
5. "Will he ever come down those stairs again?" This thought lanced Constance's heart. (А. H.)
6. Money burns a hole in my pocket. (Т. С.)
7. …The world was tipsy with its own perfections. (A.H.)
II. Differentiate between genuine and trite metaphors.
I. In the spaces between houses the wind caught her. It stung, it gnawed at nose and ears and aching cheeks, and she hastened from shelter to shelier... (S. L.)
2. Swan had taught him much. The great kindly Swede had taken him under his wing (E. F.)
3. It being his habit not to jump or leap, or make an upward spring, at anything in life, but to crawl at everything. (D.)
4. Then would come six or seven good years when there would be 20 to 25 inches of rain, and the land would shout with grass. (St.).
5. Death is at the end of that devious, winding maze of paths... (Fr. N.)
6. … her expression, an unrealized yawn, put, by example, a damper on the excitement I felt over dining at so swanky a place. (T. C.)
7. Battle found his way to the Blue morning-room without difficulty. He was already familiar with the geography of the house. (Ch.)
III. State the number and quality of simple metaphors comprizing the following sustained metaphors.
1. The stethoscope crept over her back. "Cough… Breathe…" Tap, tap. What was he hearing? What changes were going on in her body? What was her lung telling him through the thick envelope of her flesh, through the wall of her ribs and her shoulders? (D. C.)
2. The artistic centre of Galloway is Kirkcudbright, where the painters form ascattered constellation, whose nucleus is in the High Street and whose outer stars twinkle in remote hillside cottages, radiating Brightness as far as gatehouse of Fleet (D. S.)
3. His countenance beamed with the most sunny smiles; laughter played around his lips, and good-humoured merriment twinkled in his eye. (D.)
4. She had tripped into the meadow to teach the lambs a pretty educational dance and found that the lambs were wolves. There was no way out between their pressing gray shoulders. She was surrounded by fangs and sneering eyes. She could not go on enduring the hidden derision. She wanted to flee. She wanted to hide in the generous indifference of cities. (S. L.)
5. His dinner arrived, a plenteous platter of food – but no plate. He glanced at his neighbors. Evidently plates were an affectation frowned upon in the Oasis. Taking up a tarnished knife and fork, he pushed aside the underbrush of onions and came face to face with his steak.
First impressions are important, and Bob Eden knew at once that this was no meek, complacent opponent that confronted him. The steak looked back at him with an air of defiance that was amply justified by what followed. After a few moments of unsuccessful battling, he summoned the sheik. "How about a steel knife?" he inquired. "Only got three and they're all in use," the waiter replied.
Bob Eden resumed the battle, his elbows held close, his muscles swelling. With set teeth and grim face he bore down and cut deep. There was a terrific screech as his knife skidded along the platter, and to his horror he saw the steak rise from its bed of gravy and onions and fly from him. It traveled the grimy counter for a second, then dropped on to the knees of the girl and thence to the floor.
Eden turned to meet her blue eyes filled with laughter. "Oh, I'm sorry," he said. "I thought it was a steak, and it seems to be a lap dog." (E. D. B. )
IV. Speak about the role of the context in the creation of the image through a metaphor.
1. There, at the very core of London, in the heart of its business and animation, in the midst of a whirl of noise and motion stands Newgate. (D.)
2. England has two eyes, Oxford and Cambridge. They are the two eyes of England, and two intellectual eyes. (Ch.T.)
3. Beauty is but a flower / Which wrinkles will devour. (O. N.)
4. Sunshine, the old clown, rims the door. (U.)
5. The waters have closed above your head, and the world has closed upon your miseries and misfortunes for ever. (D.)
V. Analyse the following cases of personification.
1. On this dawn of October, 1885, she stood by her kitchen window... watching another dismal and rainy day emerge from the womb of the expiring night. And such an ugly, sickly-looking baby she thought it was that, so far as she was concerned, it could go straight back whore it came from. (P. M.)
2. A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card. Jack is kind to the regular denizens of Madison Square, and gives fair warning of his annual call. At the corners of fpur streets he hands his pasteboard to the North Wind, footman of the mansion of All Outdoors, so that the inhabitants thereof may make ready (О. Н.)
3. Dexter watched from the veranda of the Golf Club, watched the even overlap of the waters in the little wind, silver molasses under the harvest moon. Then the moon held a finger to her lips and the lake became a clear pool, pale and quiet. (Sc. F.)
4. Mother Nature always blushes before disrobing. (E.)
5. Break, break, break
On the cold gray stones, О Sea!
Break, break, break
At the foot of thy chags, О Sea! (T.)
SEMINAR 5
PARADIGMATIC SEMASIOLOGY:
FIGURES OF QUALITY (CONTIGUITY, CONTRAST)
Metonymy
I. State the type of relations existing between the object named and the object implied in the following examples of metonymy.
1. She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red lips, powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent bosoms. (А. В.),
2. The trenchful of dead Japanese made him feel even worse but he felt he must not show this, so he had joined in with the others; but his heart wasn't in it. (J.)
3. It must not be supposed that stout women of a certain age never seek to seduce the eye and trouble the meditation's of man by other than moral charms (A. B.)
4. Daniel was a good fellow, honorable, brilliant, a figure in the world. But what of his licentious tongue? What of his frequenting of bars? (A. B.)
5. If you knew how to dispose of the information, you could do the Axis quite a bit of good by keeping your eyes and ears open in Gretley. (P.)
6. There would follow splendid years of great works carried out together, the old head backing the young fire.
7. Sceptre and crown must tumble down.
And in the dust be equal made.
With the poor crooked scythe and spade. (Shel.)
8. He was interested in everybody. His mind was alert, and people asked him to dinner not for old times' sake, but because he was worth his salt. (S. M.)
9. It was in those placid latitudes in the Pacific, – where weeks, aye months, often pass without the marginless blue level being ruffled by any wandering keel. (Fr.B.)
II. Differentiate between trite and original metonymies.
1. "… he had a stinking childhood." "If it was so stinking why does he cling to it?"
"Use your head. Can't you see it's just that Rusty feels safer in diapers than he would in skirts?" (T. C.)
2. "Some remarkable pictures in this room, gentlemen. A Holbein, two Van Dycks, and, if I am not mistaken, a Velasquez. I am interested in pictures!" (Ch.)
3. Mrs. Amelia Bloomer invented bloomers in 1849 for the very daring sport of cycling. (D. W.)
4. "I shall enjoy a bit of a walk." "It's raining, you know." "I know. I'v got a Burberry." (Ch.)
5. Two men in uniforms were running heavily to the Administration building. As they ran, Christian saw them throw away their rifles. They were portly men who looked like advertisements for Munich beer, and running came hard to them. The first prisoner stopped and picked up one of the discarded rifles. He did not fire it, but carried it, as he chased the guards... He swung the rifle like a club, and one of the beer advertisements went down. (I. Sh.)
6. I get my living by the sweat of my brow. (D.)
7. I crossed a high toll bridge and negotiated a no man's land and came to the place where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder.with the Union Jack. (St.)
8. She was a sunny, happy sort of creature. Too fond of the bottle. (Ch.i).
9. Along Broadway men picked their way in ulsters and umbrellas. (Dr.)
10. "I never saw a Phi Beta Kappa wear a wrist watch." (J. O'H.)
III. Give the morphological and syntactical characteristics of metonymies.
1. Many of the hearts that throbbed so gaily then, have ceased to beat; many of the looks that shone so brightly then, have ceased to glow. (D.)
2. He took a taxi, one of those small, low Philadelphia-made un-American-looking Yellows of that period. (J. O'H.)
3. Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile. (С. Н.)
4. He made his way through the perfume and conversation. (I. Sh.)
Periphrasis
I. Distribute the following periphrases into original and traditional.
1. "Did you ever see anything in Mr. Pickwick's manner and conduct towards the opposite sex to induce you to believe... (D.)
2. Within the next quarter-hour a stag-party had taken over the apartment, several of them in uniform. I counted two Naval officers and an Air Force colonel: but they were outnumbered by graying arrivals beyond draft status. (T.C.)
3. His arm about her, he led her in and bawled, "Ladies and worser halves, the bride!" (S. L.)
4. I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together. (S. M.)
5. Bill went with him and they returned with a tray of glasses, siphons and other necessaries of life. (Ch.)
6. I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War (Sc.F.)
7. "The way I look at it is this," he told his wife. "We've all of us got a little of the Old Nick in us... The way I see it, that's just a kind of energy". (St.)
II. Discuss the following euphemistic periphrases.
1. Everything was conducted on the most liberal and delightful scale. Excisable articles were remarkably cheap at all the public houses; and spring vans paraded the streets for the accommodation of voters who were seized with any temporary dizziness in the head – an epidemic which prevailed among the electors during the contest, to a most alarming extent, and under the influence of which they might frequently be seen lying on the pavements in a state of utter insensibility. (D.)
2. "I expect you'd like a wash," Mrs. Thompson said.' "The bathroom's to the right and the usual offices next to it." (J. Br.)
3. In the left corner, built out into the room, is the toilet with the sign "This is it" on the door. (O'N)
4. I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother. (I. Sh.).
5. Jean nodded without turning and slid between two vermilion-coloured buses so that two drivers simultaneously used the same qualitative word. (G)
III. Classify the following figurative periphrases into metaphorical and metonymical.
1. The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of the fighting in Africa. (I.Sh.)
2. He would make some money and then he would come back and marry his dream from Blackwood. (Dr.)
3. "Well! Here's the Police Court. I'm sorry I can't spare time to come in. But everybody will be nice to you. It's a very human place, if somewhat indelicate... Come back to tea, if you can." She was gone. The exchange and mart of human indelicacy was crowded... (G.)
4. For a single instant, Birch was helpless, his blood curdling in his veins at the imminence of the danger, and his legs refusing their natural and necessary office. (F.C.)
5. His face was red, the back of his neck overflowed his collar, and there had recently been published a second edition of his chin. (P. G. W.)
IV. State the nature and functions of the following periphrases.
1. "That elegant connection of ours – that dear lady who was here yesterday – ".
"I understand," said Arthur. "Even that affable and condescending ornament of society," pursued Mr. Meagles, "may misrepresent us, we are afraid." (D.)
2. She was still fat; the destroyer of her figure sat at the head of the table. (A.B.)
3. When he saw that I was looking at him, he closed his eyes, sleepily, angelically, then stuck out his tongue— an appendage of startling length—and gave out what in my country would have been a glorious tribute to a myopic umpire. It fairly shook the tearoom. (S.)
4. And then we take a soldier and put murder in his hands and we say to him... "Go out and kill as many of a certain kind of classification of your brothers as you can." (St.)
5. Also, my draft board was displaying an uncomfortable interest; and, having so recently escaped the regimentation of a small town, the idea of entering another form of disciplined life made me desperate. (T. C.)
Irony
I. Analyse the following cases of irony, paying attention to the length of the context necessary to realize it:
1. Contentedly Sam Clark drove off, in the heavy traffic of three Fords and the Minniemashie House Free Bus. (S.L.)
2. Stoney smiled the sweet smile of an alligator. (St.)
3. Henry could get gloriously tipsy on tea and conversation. (A.H.)
4. She had so painfully reared three sons to be Christian gentlemen that one of them had become an Omaha bartender, one a professor of Greek, and one, Cyrus N. Boggart, a boy of fourteen, who was still at home, the most brazen member of the toughest gang in Boytown. (S. L.)
5. Blodgett College is on the edge of Minneapolis. It is a bulwark of sound religion. It is still combating the recent heresies of Voltaire, Darwin and Robert Ingersoll. Pious families in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Dakotas send their children thither, and Blodgett protects them from the wickedness of the universities. (S. L.)
6. But every Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makes him master of the world. As the great cnampion of freedom and national independence he conquers and annexes half the world and calls it Colonization. (B. Sh.)
7. It was at their beautiful country place in W. that we had the pleasure of interviewing the Afterthought. At their own cordial invitation, we had walked over from the nearest railway station, a distance of some fourteen miles. Indeed, as soon as they heard of our intention they invited us to walk. "We are so sorry not to bring you in the motor," they wrote, "but the roads are so frightfully dusty that we might get dust on our chauffeur." That little touch of thoughtfulness is the keynote of their character. (L.)
SEMINAR 6
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