Stylistic aspects of Phraseological Units
1. Set expressions, Semi-fixed combinations and Free Phrases Types of Phraseological Units
2. Stylistics and Phraseology
3. Peculiar use of Set expressions
- The Cliche
- Proverbs and sayings
- Epigrams
- Quatations
- Allusions
- Decomposition of Set Phrases
Problem questions:
1. Give the characteristics to three groups of functional-marked Phraseologisms:
-Phraseologisims of scientific style
-Publicistic style
-Style of official documents.
2. Give the examples of Phraseologisms of high style (poetical words, archaic words, the words of literary layer, barbarisms) and law style (colloquial layer, phraseological, jargonisms and vulgarisms).
3. Demonstrate occasional stylistic usage of phraseologims on the basis of structural transformation and on the basis of contextual transposition.
Pragmo-professional tasks:
Find phraseological units in the following text and give their Russian equivalents:
The Shepherd and his Wife
Folks say that a shepherd and his wife lived in Moldova long ago. The family had a chicken, a rooster, a sheep as well as a cat and a dog.
One day the shepherd’s wife decided she must live in a new fashion. She declared that she wanted equal rights and independence. The shepherd shrugged his shoulders and said to himself: “Any bauble of folly will keep baby jolly. Let her do whatever she wants.”
The wife let the husband keep the rooster and the sheep whereas she made the chicken and the cat her own property. The dog let them understand that it was true to the shepherd and would guard his house as before.
The shepherd was a Jack-of-all-trades: he grew com and made good wine from grapes. One day he felt like eating fried eggs and asked his wife to spare him a couple of them. “Beat your rooster,” she advised. “Then it would start laying eggs and you’ll have enough of them for an egg meal.
So said, so done. The shepherd gave the rooster a beating but the rooster refused to lay eggs. It crowed “Cock-a-doodle-doo!”, ran out of the yard and vanished into thin air. The shepherd realised that looking for the rooster would be like trying to find a needle in a haystack now.
The chicken was in love with the rooster and, from sorrow, she stopped laying eggs. People are surely right when they say that love is a cruel thing.
One evening the shepherd’s wife went to the neighbour and complained that her husband was to blame for all her troubles. The neighbour showed her the door and said that she was unfair: she put the blame at the wrong door and barked up the wrong tree.
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Oh, what could be worse than an angry woman? She returned home and it entered her head she must kick the dog, but the dog smelled the danger and got out of the house while the getting was good. That same night a fox found its way into the yard and stole the chicken.
So, the fox was carrying the chicken in the forest but could not reach its hole as was surrounded with a pack of wolves. They demanded that the chicken should belong to them.
The fox said: “You are not clever, you, wolves. One chicken won’t be enough for you all the same. You’d better go to the shepherd’s and take his sheep there. The dog is out of the house - there is nothing to be afraid of. The house is near at hand. I can show you the way.”
The fox and the wolves came to the shepherd’s home, but the dog ran out of the house (he had returned home the day before) and sent the pack packing. The dog even grabbed the chicken away from the fox.
The wife was happy to see the chicken alive and kicking. She was sorry for the chicken because it had been within an inch from meeting its death. She also thanked the dog and gave it some com meal because, as is known, one good turn deserves another. It dawned on her then that independence from husband is something relative: some like it hot, some like it cold...
The shepherd was very happy to see the dog at home and gave it a good piece of smoked sausage. As the saying goes, “Just anything for my dear - even the ear-ring from my ear.”
Since then the family had begun to live like friends again. Only the rooster didn’t come back home. The rooster was afraid that they would force him to do the impossible - to lay eggs.
Literature
| 1. Galperin I. R. Stylistics. M., 1967 |
| 2. Kucharenko Seminars in style. V. A. 1986 |
| 3. Kucharenko V. A. A Book of Practice in Stylistic M., 1986 |
| 4. Znamenskaya T. A., Stylistics. M.,2004 |
| 5. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современного английского языка. Л., 1981 |
| 6. Кожина М. Н.Основания функциональной стилистики. Пермь, 1968 |
| 7. Кузнецов М. Д., Скребнев Ю. М.Стилистика английского языка, M. 1998 |
| 2. Будагов Р. А. Литературные языки и языковые стили. М., 1987 3. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языкаю М., 2003 4. Кузьмин С.С. Идиоматический перевод с русского языка на английский. М., 2007 |
Workshop # 5
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Lexical Stylistic Devices (SD) –
Figures of Replacement (Tropes)
Figures of Quality
1. Metaphors (genuine and trite metaphors)
2. Metonymy
3. Irony
Problem questions:
1. What is a metaphor? What are its semantic, morphological, structural, functional peculiarities?
2. What is a metonymy? Give a detailed description of the device.
3. What is included into a group of SDs known as “play on words”? Which ones of them are the most frequently used? What levels of language hierarchy are involved into their formation?
4. What is irony? Speak on its function in the sentence.
5. What meanings of a word participate in the violation of a phraseological unit?
6. What is the basic effect achieved by the play on words?
7. Find examples of each of the discussed stylistic devices in your home reading.
8. Try and find peculiarities in thunce individual use of various SDs by different authors known to you from your courses of literature, interpretation of the text, home reading.
Pragmoprofessional tasks:
Analyse the given cases of metaphor from all sides mentioned above-semantics, originality, expressiveness, syntactic function, vividness and elaboration of the created image. Pay attention to the manner in which two objects (actions) are identified: with both named or only one—the metaphorized one— presented explicitly:
1. She looked down on Gopher Prairie. The snow stretching without break from street to devouring prairie beyond, wiped out the town’s pretence of being a shelter. The houses were black specks on a white sheet. (S. L.)
2. And the skirts! What a sight were those skirts! They were nothing but vast decorated pyramids; on the summit of each was stuck the upper half of a princess. (A. B.)
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3. 1 was staring directly in front of me, at the back of the driver’s neck, which was a relief map of boil scars. (S.)
4. She was handsome in a rather leonine way. Where this girl was a lioness, the other was a panther-lithe and quick. (Ch.)
5. His voice was a dagger of corroded brass. (S. L.)
6. Wisdom has reference only to the past. The future remains for ever an infinite Field for mistakes. You can’t know beforehand. (D. H. L.)
7. He felt the first watery eggs of sweat moistening the palms of his hands. (W. S.)
8. At the last moment before the windy collapse of the day,
9. I myself took the road down. (Jn. H.)
10. The man stood there in the middle of the street with the deserted dawnlit boulevard telescoping out behind him. (T. H.)
11. Leaving Daniel to his fate, she was conscious of joy springing in her heart. (A. B.)
12. He smelled the ever-beautiful smell of coffee imprisoned in the can. (J. St.)
13. We talked and talked and talked, easily, sympathetically, wedding her experience with my articulation. (Jn. B.)
14. “We need you so much here. It’s a dear old town, but it’s a rough diamond, and we need you for the polishing, and we’re ever so humble...”. (S. L.)
15. They walked along, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate. (W. G.)
16. Geneva, mother of the Red Cross, hostess of humanitarian congresses for the civilizing of warfare! (J. R.)
17. She and the kids have filled his sister’s house and their welcome is wearing thinner and thinner. (U.)
Literature
| 1. Galperin I. R. Stylistics. M., 1967 |
| 2. Kucharenko Seminars in style. V. A. 1986 |
| 3. Kucharenko V. A. A Book of Practice in Stylistic M., 1986 |
| 4. Znamenskaya T. A., Stylistics. M.,2004 |
| 5. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современного английского языка. Л., 1981 |
| 6. Кожина М. Н.Основания функциональной стилистики. Пермь, 1968 |
| 7. Кузнецов М. Д., Скребнев Ю. М.Стилистика английского языка, M. 1998 |
| 8. Будагов Р. А. Литературные языки и языковые стили. М., 1987 9. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языкаю М., 2003 |
Workshop # 6
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Lexical Stylistic Devices (SD) –
Figures of Quantity
1. Hyperbole
2. Meiosis (understatement)
Problem questions:
1. What meaning is foregrounded in a hyperbole?
2. What types of hyperbole can you name?
3. What makes a hyperbole trite and where are trite hyperboles predominantly used?
4. What is understatement? In what way does it differ from hyperbole?
5. Recollect cases of vivid original hyperboles or understatements from your Russian or English reading.
Pragmo-professional tasks:
In the following examples concentrate on cases of hyperbole and understatement. Pay attention to their originality or staleness, to other SDs promoting their effect, to exact words, containing the foregrounded emotive meaning:
1. I was scared to death when he entered the room. (S.)
2. The girls were dressed to kill. (J. Br.)
3. Newspapers are the organs of individual men who have jockeyed themselves to be party leaders, in countries where a new party is born every hour over a glass of beer in the nearest cafe. (J. R.)
4. I was violently sympathetic, as usual. (Jn. B.)
5. Four loudspeakers attached to the flagpole emitted a shattering roar of what Benjamin could hardly call music, as if it were played by a collection of brass bands, a few hundred fire engines, a thousand blacksmiths’ hammers and the amplified reproduction of a force-twelve wind. (A. S.)
6. The car which picked me up on that particular guilty evening was a Cadillac limousine about seventy-three blocks long. (J- B.)
7. Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old. (Sc. F.)
8. He didn’t appear like the same man; then he was all milk and honey-now he was all starch and vinegar. (D.)
9. She was a giant of a woman. Her bulging figure was encased in a green crepe dress and her feet overflowed in red shoes. She carried a mammoth red pocketbook that bulged throughout as if it were stuffed with rocks. (FI. O’C.)
10. She was very much upset by the catastrophe that had befallen the Bishops, but it was exciting, and she was tickled to death to have someone fresh to whom she could tell all about it. (S. M.)
11. Babbitt’s preparations for leaving the office to its feeble self during the hour and a half of his lunch-period were somewhat less elaborate than the plans for a general European War. (S. M.)
12. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed her hands solemnly on her middle. (G.)
13. We danced on the handkerchief-big space between the speak-easy tables. (R. W.)
14. She wore a pink hat, the size of a button. (J. R.)
15. She was a sparrow of a woman. (Ph. L.)
16. And if either of us should lean toward the other, even a fraction of an inch, the balance would be upset. (O. W.)
17. He smiled back, breathing a memory of gin at me. (W. G.)
18. About a very small man in the Navy: This new sailor stood five feet nothing in sea boots. (Th. P.)
19. She busied herself in her midget kitchen. (T. C.)
20. The rain had thickened, fish could have swum through the air. (T.
Workshop # 7
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