Stylistics as a Branch of General Linguistics
Lecture Plan # 1
Литература
1. Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика английского языка. Учебник. - 3-е изд. М: Высшая школа, 1981. - 334 стр.
2. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка (стилистика декодирования). Л., "Просвещение", 1981. 295 стр.
3. Кухаренко В.А. Seminars in Style. M., 1971.
4. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. М. «Высшая школа», 1994.
Stylistics can be defined as a branch of modern linguistics devoted to the detailed analysis of literary style, or of the linguistic choices made by speakers and writers in non-literary contexts. (Chris Baldick Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms, 1996)
According to I.R. Galperin, stylistics is a branch of general linguistics, which deals with the investigation of two independent tasks:
1. Stylistics studies the special media of language which are called stylistic devices and expressive means.
Expressive means and stylistic devices form three large groups of phonetic, lexical, syntactical means and devices. Each group is further subdivided according to the principle, purpose and function of a mean or a device in an utterance.
2. Stylistics studies the types of texts which are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication and are called functional styles of language.
Expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance. (Galperin, 27). These intensifying forms have special functions in making the utterances emphatic.
A stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model. (Galperin, 30) A stylistic device is an abstract pattern, a mould into which any content can be poured.
A functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. (Galperin, 33) A functional style should be regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the message. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary standard of the language. These represent varieties of the abstract invariant and can deviate from the invariant, even breaking away with it.
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I.R. Galperin distinguishes five major functional styles in the English literary standards. They are
1) The language of belles-letres.
2) The language of publicistic literature.
3) The language of newspapers.
4) The language of scientific prose.
5) The language of official documents.
Each functional style is subdivided into a number of substyles.
According to I.V. Arnold, "stylistics is a branch of linguistics, which studies the principles and results of the choice and usage of lexical, grammatical, phonetic and other language means with the aim of transmitting of ideas and emotions in different communication settings. " ("Стилистикой называется отрасль лингвистики, исследующая принципы и эффект выбора и использования лексических, грамматических, фонетических и вообще языковых средств для передачи мысли и эмоции в разных условиях общения." (cтр. 7))
According to structuralists, no national language is a homogeneous whole, because many of its constituents are not used in every sphere of communication, but belong to more or less strictly delimited special spheres, to specific types of speech. Yu. M. Skrebnev uses the term ‘sublanguage’ to describe each specific language (bookish, colloquial, neutral, etc.)
1) The old man is dead.
2) The gentleman well advanced in years attained the termination of his terrestrial existence.
3) The ole bean he kicked the bucket.
Corresponding Russian examples were suggested by N. Amosova in 1951:
1) Старик умер.
2) Старец скончался.
3) Старый хрыч подох.
Comparing the linguistic units one notes that their stylistic value differs.
Yu. Skrebnev argues that sublanguages should not be identified with styles, adding, however, that there is no sublanguage without a style of its own. If we go back to the notion of functional style given by I.R. Galperin, we will notice the absence of colloquial style in I.R. Galperin’s classification. In his opinion, style is the result of creative activity of the writer, in colloquial speech there is no stylistic intention on the part of the speakers. I.R. Galperin ignores the fact that it is not important for the hearer (reader) whether creative energy is employed or not, the reader will see the difference between a poetic line and an everyday utterance.
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I.V. Arnold mentions four styles: poetic style, scientific style, newspaper style, colloquial style. But Yu. Skrebnev argues that nobody and nothing prevent us from singling out and investigating more styles: something like telegraphic style, reference-book style, Shakespearean style, etc. All these styles are discernible; they characterize each their respective language. Yu. Skrebnev considers that the number of sublanguages and styles is infinite. But since scholars usually strive for generalization they will be always trying to form more or less large units and call them styles.
Stylistics, as the term implies, deals with styles. Yu. Skrebnev suggests a very short definition of style: Style is a specificity of sublanguage. Style can be roughly defined as the peculiarity, the set of specific features of a text type or a concrete text. Style is just what differentiates a group of homogeneous texts (an individual text) from all other groups (other texts).
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