Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы .
В следующих предложениях замените придаточные дополнительные предложения герундием с предлогом of.
1. I thought I would come and see you tomorrow.
2. I am thinking that I shall go out to the country tomorrow to see my mother.
3. We were thinking we would plant roses this year.
Замените выделенные части предложений герундиальными оборотами, вводя их, где необходимо, предлогами.
1. When they entered the house, they heard the last bell ringing.
2. Thank you that you invited me to the theatre.
3. The woman insisted that her husband should consult the doctor at once.
Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя сложное дополнение с инфинитивом.
1. The boy noticed the bird. It flew on the bush near the window.
2. I heard him. He shut the door of the study.
3. He slipped and fell. I saw it.
Замените придаточные предложения инфинитивными оборотами.
1. The problem is so difficult that it is impossible to solve it.
2. The box is so heavy that nobody can carry it.
3. The accident was so terrible that I don’t want to talk about it.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени.
1. The swimming pool (to open) at 9.00 and (to close) at 18.30 every day.
2. I (not to go) to work yesterday because I (not to be) very well.
3. Why you (not to wear) your coat today? It’s so cold.
4. What you (to do) yesterday at 15.00 p.m?
5. She (to be) here several times, but she never (to buy) anything.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму сослагательного наклонения после «I wish».
1. I wish I (to know) Spanish.
2. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night.
3. I wish you (to read) more in future.
4. I wish I never (to suggest) this idea.
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5. I wish I (to be) at yesterday's party: it must have been very merry.
Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы.
Holidays
Twenty years ago not many people travelled overseas for their holidays. The majority of people stayed to have holidays in their country. Today the situation is different and the world seems much smaller.
It is possible to book a holiday to a seaside resort on the other side of the world. Staying at home, you can book it through the Internet or by phone. The plane takes you straight there and within some hours of leaving your country, you can be on a tropical beach, breathing a super clean air and swimming in crystal warm water of tropical sea.
We can travel by car, by train or plane, if we have got a long distance tour. Some young people prefer walking or hitch-hike travelling, when you travel, paying nearly nothing. You get new friends, lots of fun and have no idea where you will be tomorrow. It has great advantages for the tourists, who want to get the most out of exploring the world and give more back to the people and places visited. If you like mountains, you could climb any mountains around the globe and there is only one restriction. It is money. If you like travelling, you have got to have some money, because it is not a cheap hobby indeed. The economy of some countries is mainly based on tourism industry.
Modern tourism has become a highly developed industry, because any human being is curious and inquisitive, we like leisure, visit other places. That is why tourism prospers.
People travel from the very beginning of their civilization. Thousands years ago all people were nomads and collectors. They roamed all their lives looking for food and better life. This way human beings populated the whole planet Earth. So, travelling and visiting other places are the part of our consciousness. That is why tourism and travelling are so popular.
Nowadays tourism has become a highly developed business. There are trains, cars and air jet liners, buses, ships that provide us with comfortable and secure travelling.
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If we travel for pleasure, by all means one would like to enjoy picturesque places they are passing through, one would like seeing the places of interest, enjoying the sightseeing of the cities, towns and countries.
Nowadays people travel not only for pleasure but also on business. People have to go to other countries for taking part in different negotiations, for signing some very important documents, for participating in different exhibitions, in order to exhibit the goods of own firm or company. Travelling on business helps people to get more information about achievements of other companies, which will help making own business more successful.
There are a lot of means of travelling: travelling by ship, by plane, by car, walking. It depends on a person to decide which means of travelling one would prefer.
Answer the questions:
1. Did the majority of people leave their country to spend holidays twenty years ago?
2. Can we book a holiday to a seaside resort on the other side of the world today?
3. Is it possible to book a holiday to a seaside resort on the other side of the world from home?
4. What means of travelling do you know?
5. What countries depend mainly on tourism?
6. Why does tourism prosper?
7. Where do people like going on vacation?
8. What is the most interesting means of travelling for you? Why?
9. Why do most travellers carry a camera with them?
10. What does travelling give us?
11. How does travelling on business help you?
12. What are the means of travelling?
Vocabulary:
overseas — заграница
majority — большинство
to seem — казаться
to book — заказывать
resorts— курорт
straight — прямо
a tropical beach — тропический пляж
to breathe — дышать
to hitclbhike — путешествовать автостопом
advantage — преимущество
to explore — исследовать
to climb — взбираться, карабкаться
restriction — ограничение
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indeed — действительно
curious — любопытный
inquisitive — любознательный
leisure — досуг
jet-air liner — реактивный самолет
security — безопасность
variety — разнообразие
city-dweller — городской житель
to take pictures — фотографировать
castle — крепость, замок
waterfall — водопад
to remind — напоминать
picturesque — живописный
to broaden one's mind — расширить кругозор
take part in negotiations — принимать участие в переговорах
exhibition — выставка
in order to — для того чтобы
to push the goods — рекламировать товары
achievement — достижение
successful — успешный
advantages and disadvantages — преимущества и недостатки
according to — согласно
Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на вопросы .
What is a small business?
Probably the most workable concept of small business is the one suggested some years ago by the Committee for the Economic Development. To qualify as a small firm under its definition, a business must have at least two of the following characteristics: independent management with the managers often owing the firm, capital contribution from a limited number of individuals – perhaps only one, the firm operates in a local area, the firm represents a small part of the overall industry.
Small businesses are in nearly every industry and they are considered to compete successfully against some of the nation’s largest organizations as well as against a multitude of other small companies. Retailing and service establishments are the most common small businesses. Also new technology companies often start as small organizations.
Small firms can often provide a product or service more cheaply than large firms. They usually have fewer overhead costs –those not directly related to providing the goods and services – than to the large firms. Thus, they may be able to earn profit on a lower price than a large company can offer.
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Small businesses have organizations with small staffs and fewer support personnel. The lower overhead costs resulting from fewer permanent staff people can provide a distinct advantage to small businesses.
Big businesses are excluded from some commercial activities of their size. High overhead costs force them to set minimum targets at which to direct their competitive efforts. This situation allows substantial opportunities for smaller publishers with lower overhead costs.
Finally, economic and organizational factors may dictate that an industry consists of small firms.
Smaller firms have a variety of disadvantages. These include poor management, inadequate financing, and government regulation.
Hundreds of thousands of small businesses are begun each year. Thirty percent fail within the first year, and half within two years. A great many of these failures can be attributed to poor management. Most people who start small businesses are ill-prepared as managers.
Inadequate financing is generally listed as a leading cause of small business problems. Many businesses start with inadequate capital and soon experience a shortage of funds. They often lack the resources to carry them over rough spots or to expand if they are successful.
Small businesses complain bitterly of excessive government regulation and red tape. Most of them are not equipped to handle the paperwork necessitated by government regulation. Many experts within and outside government believe that a major effort must be made to reduce the paperwork load for small business.
Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
1. Can small businesses compete successfully with larger organizations?
2. What small businesses are the most common?
3. Why can small businesses compete successfully with larger organizations? (Three examples will be enough)
4. Why do small businesses have lower overhead costs?
5. What are disadvantages of a small business?
6. What are statistics of business failures?
7. What are the most common reasons of business failures?
8. Do the small businesses have much paperwork according to the government regulation?
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