III. Companies, corporations, firms.
I. Rules and methods of Romanization of Ukrainian proper nouns in English.
Ukrainian proper names of people and family names are mostly conveyed on the basis of their phonemic/ orthographic structure, i.e. are transcribed transliterated in English: Віра – Vira; Петро – Petro; Іван – Ivan.
Far from all Ukrainian proper names can be conveyed by way of literal translating, however. This is because some of our vowels and consonants have no equivalent sounds/ phonemes in English and must be substituted for approximately similar sounds. Among these Ukrainian sounds and sound combinations are first of all those ones, which are rendered with the help of the letters or letter combinations и, й, ий, ій, я, ю, є, ї or partly through the letters ж, щ, х, ч, ч and palatalized consonants.
The adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of the Romanization System enables the conveying of our personal names, family names (onomastics) and also all Ukrainian geographical names (toponymy) in accordance with some rules.
This system practically does not contain diactrics, i.e., different signs over or under the letters, like in German, Turkish, Chech or French. The only sign of the kind being the sign ’ for palatalization (Львів – L’viv) which is not difficult to add after a letter.
The adopted Romanization system is internally consistent and based on sound linguistic principles. It is to be strictly observed by the students of foreign languages and the people responsible for its absolute implementation in this country and abroad. This is how it is presented;
Ukrainian English UkrainianEnglish 1. А, а A, a 18. Н, н N, n
2. Б, б B, b 19. О, о O, o
3. В, в V, v / W, w 20. П,п P, p
4. Г, г H, h 21. Р, р R, r
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5. Ґ, ґ G, g 22. С, с S, s
6. Д, д D, d 23. Т, т T, t
7. Е, е E, e 24. У, у U, u
8. Є, є Ye, ye 25. Ф, ф F, f
9. Ж, ж Zh, zh 26. Х, х Kh, kh
10. З, з Z, z 27. Ц, ц Ts, ts
11. И, и Y, y 28. Ч, ч Ch, ch/ Tch, tch
12. І, і I, i 29. Ш, ш Sh, sh
13. Ї, ї Yi, yi/ Ii, ii 30. Щ, щ Shch, s h ch
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14. Й, й Y, y 31. Ю, ю Yu, yu
15. К, к K, k 32. Я. Я Ya, ya
16. Л, л L, l 33. Ь
17. М, м M, m
A practical realization of this system can be illustrated on many Ukrainian names with the substitution of Ukrainian letters (and sounds) for the completely, approximately or similarly corresponding English letters or letter combinations;
/и/ as y: Кирило – Kyrylo; Суми – Sumy;
/ї/ as ii, i or yi: (depending on the position and environment):
When preceded by a vowel, it is conveyed by the letter i: Заїка – Zaika; Зінаїда – Zinaida: but: Турбаї – Turbayi/ Turbaii;
When it initiates the proper name, the sound expressed by the Ukrainian letter ї has to be conveyed through the yi letter combination: Ївга – Yivha; Їжакевич – Yizhakevych;
/й/ is to be conveyed through the letter y: Йовенко – Yovenko; Йосип – Yosyp.
When preceded by the /і/ sound it is conveyed in English as ii or iy: Андрій– Andrii/ Andriy; Гафійка – Hafiika/ Hafiyka; Матвійчук – Matviichuk/ Matviychuk;
When it is preceded by /и/ it is to be conveyed as yi: Сірий – Siryi .
/я/ as ya or ia: Яким – Yakym; Ярема – Yarema; but: Забіяка – Zabiyaka/ Zabiaka;
The sound expressed through the Ukrainian letter я in the final position of a word ortraditional proper name can sometimes be conveyed in English by the ia rarely ya letter combinations. It is mostly observed in traditional proper names like Марія, Софія, Юлія, Югославія – Maria; Sofia; Yulia; Yugoslavia; but: Кенія – Kenya.
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/ю/ as yu/ iu
/є/ as ye/ ie
It is common knowledge that present-day English is practically devoid of palatalization. As a result, all Ukrainian palatalized consonants usually obtain a hard pronunciation in English: Альбіна – Albina; Гринь – Hryn; Кость – Kost.
In lingustic papers these and the like proper names, however, may have a sign for palatalzation (‘): Al’bina , Hryn’, Kost’, Bened’, Luts’k , Mel’nyk, etc.
As to the Ukrainian consonant phonemes, which have no direct equivalents in the English language, they can mostly be conveyed through analogous English sounds, sometimes formed by different letter combinations.
Thus, the Ukrainian /г/ sound is to be conveyed through the similar though not identical voiceless English /h/ phoneme: Гаврило – Havrylo; Григір – Hryhir; Гмиря – Hmyrya; Гайдай – Haidai.
The Ukrainian /ж/ phoneme is conveyed with the help of the zh letter combination: Жук – Zhuk; Жанна – Zhanna; Божій – Bozhiy; Неїжмак – Neyizhmak.
The Ukrainian /х/ sound is conveyed in English through the kh letter combination: Лахно – Lakhno; Харків – Kharkiv; Охрімчук – Okhrimchuk.
As to the similar in the Ukrainian and English languages /ч/ sound it may be conveyed in two ways: traditionally the letter combination ch or tch always were and are still used for the purpose: Клочко – Klochko/ Klotchko; Кочур – Kochur/ Kotchur; Чорний – Chornyi/ Tchornyi. !!! Theletter combination tch is less and less often used at present.
Recently, however, in accordance with the internationally agreed upon the rules (UNESCO) our /ч/ soundin proper nouns is often conveyed via the č sign and the /ш/ sound via the š sign: Частій – Chastii/ Častiy; Богач – Bohach/ Bohač ; Черниш – Chernysh/ Černyš.
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Similarly with the Ukrainian /шч/ sound which has no equivalent in English. Traditionally it was conveyed in English through the letter combination shch (sh+ch). Nowadays the sign šč is sometimes used for the purpose too. Hence, the Ukrainian proper nouns ans especially geographical names and names of public bodies containing щ can be conveyed as follows: Щаденко – Shchadenko/ Ščadenko; Ющук – Yushchuk / Yuščuk.
For all other Ukrainian consonant phonemes there are corresponding letters and letter combinations in English which convey more or less similar sounds, though they may belong in both the languages to the same articulatory zones (labial, dental, alveolar, etc.).
For example, the Ukrainian /б/ and /п/ phonemes are substituted for the English plosives /b/ and /p/: Борис – Borys; Петро – Petro.
The Ukrainian consonant phonemes /д/, /т/, /н/, /л/, /с/, /ц/ and their palatalized variants /д’/, /т’/, /н’/, /л’/, /с’/, /ц’/ are substituted respectively for the English alveolar /d/, /t/, /n/, /l/, /s/, /ts/ though the latter differ greatly by their articulatory characteristics from the Ukrainian phonemes.
Only approximate similarity can also be observed in most cases between the Ukrainian /в/ phoneme which is much closer when used in the initial position to the English /w/ than to its traditional substitute (in translations from the Ukrainian) /v/ phoneme: Володимир – Volodymyr; Убийвовк – Ubyivovk; Вовченко, Вареник – Vovchenko, Varenyk; but: Віль must be only Will. Consequently Вовченко, Вареник may also be Wowchenko, Warenyk.
When in the position between two vowels or between a vowel and a palatalized consonant, the Ukrainian /в/ sound somewhat resembles the English /v/ phoneme, however: Сиваченко – Syvachenko; Швидюк – Svydiuk/ Shvydyuk.
Undoubtedly the closest to the English consonant phonemes are the Ukrainian /к/, /ґ/ /з/ phonemes: Кавун – Kavun; Зінаїда – Zinaida; Ґудзій – Gudziy/ Gudzii.
But there are no similar substitutes in English for our palatalized /дз’/ sound which will be read by the English native speakers as /dz/ only as in Ґедзь – Gedz; Ґудзь – Gudz and others.
There is very little similarity, however, between the Ukrainian vibrant /р/ and the English /r/ phoneme belonging in both these languages to different articulatory zones. Nevertheless the English /r/ is always used in translations of proper names to substitute the Ukrainian /р/ and vice versa: Барбара – Barbara; Роберт – Robert.
English proper names are either transcribed or transliterated (or partly transcribed and partly transliterated) in Ukrainian.
Irrespective of the considerable divergences existing between the phonemic systems of the two languages, a number of English proper names are rendered into Ukrainian by way of transliteration only: Barbara – Барбара; Rita – Ріта.
A few English proper names are transliterated with the omission or addition of a letter or two in Ukrainian: McDonald – Макдональд; Jupiter – Юпітер
This kind of rendering becomes necessary when dealing with specifically English spelling forms of proper names and to avoid the violation of the traditionally established spelling rules of the Ukrainian language.
Some other English proper names of people and geographical names are rendered into Ukrainian partly through transcription.
Mostly transcribed are names/ surnames containing specific English vowel phonemes which are usually formed by different sound/ letter combinations: Abe – Ейб; Queenie – Квіні. Jackson – Джексон; Newton – Ньютон.
The exactitude of conveying English proper names in Ukrainian may be predetermined by some lingual and extralingual factors. The main of them are:
– absence of in Ukrainian of corresponding phonemes and orthographic means to substitute some particular English sounds/ letter combinations (lingual) or
– the established tradition according to which some names are translated (extralingual): Thorne – Торн; Galsworthy – Ґолсуорсі.
Care should be taken in order to avoid the influence of both the lingual and extralingual factors. For example, the well-known names as Adam and David can be translated into Ukrainian as Адам and Давид (Biblical or historical) or as Едем and Девід (common people’s names).
Mostly translated are the names of kings, queens, princes, princesses, tsars and tsarinas. These exceptions to the general rule are observed in the following names:
E.g: King Charles/ George/ Henry – Король Карл/ Георг/ Генріх;
Queen Elizabeth/ Mary Stewart – королева Єлизавета/ Марія Стюарт.
!!! Contrary to this rule is the wrong translation in our mass media of Prince Charles of Wales as принц Чарльз, instead of принц Карл (according to the historically established tradition).
Among the names of kings, queens, tsars, etc. are also some which are transliterated in the TL. These are mostly peculiar national names with no corresponding equivalents in other languages: King Horn – Король Горн; Prince Robert – принц Роберт; цар Борис – Tsar Boris.
Nicknames of people (especially of kings, queens, princes, princesses, tsars and tsarinas) are almost always translated irrespective of the language they come from.
E.g.: King Charles the Great – король Карл Великий;
King Edward the Confessor – король Едуард Сповідник;
King Richard the Lionheart – король Річард Левине серце;
Prince William of Orange – принц Вільгельм Оранський;
Князь Ярослав Мудрий – Prince Yaroslav the Wise;
Цар Василь Темний – Tsar Basil the Blind;
Цар Іван Грозний – Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
Indian chief’s names and family names of American Indians which became known mainly from J.F.Cooper’s novels are translated, as a rule, too:
(the) Arrowhead – Гостряк Стріли;
Dew of June – Червнева Роса;
Chingachgook the Big Serpent – Чінґачґук Великий Змій;
The Deerslayer (the Pathfinder) – Звіробій (Знайдислід, “Слідопит”)
Hawk ’ s Eye – Соколине Око.
But : Князь Осмомисл – Prince Osmomysl;
Олександр Невський – Alexander Nevsky.
The so-called generalizing or characterizing names used by many authors in their belles-lettres works to point out some determinant (usually negative) feature of their characters are mostly not translated but only transliterated or transcribed. Such are the characters, for example, from Ch.Dickens’ works: Mrs. Porkenham (cf. pork and ham – ласа/ любителька добре поїсти, гурманка пані Поркенгем); Doctor Slammer – (cf. to slam the door – грюкати дверима – Лікар Слеммер).
It is not always possible to give the verbal translation of such names in the TL as it may turn the characters into the foreigners (making the names sound too English or too Ukrainian or Russian). For example, by translating the names of Chekhov’s characters Чубуков and Ломов as correspondently Piper and Gouter (from ‘gout’ – підагра) we would turn them into Englishmen.
However, these names may say a lot about their bearers. For example, in Ostrovsky’s comedy ‘Волки и овцы’ the surname Беркутов is rather symbolic but the translator has to render it as Berkutov , limiting himself to the footnote explaining the meaning of this talking name.
Another example: the characters from R.Sheridan’s “A School of Scandal” are given the names Lady Sneerwell, Mr. Snake and are usually transliterated in translation. One translator though tried to render Mr. Snake as Мистер Гад. It is very witty because it sounds English resembling the sounding of an English word but inadmissible.
Some nicknames of this kind may naturally be translated or even replaced by similar but more expressive analogues, especially when used in humorous stories.
For example: nicknames of the guardsmen from W.Shakespeare’s comedy “Much ado about nothing” – Dogberry and Verges – were translated into Russian very expressively as Клюква and Кисель (dogberry – is a variety of cornel (кизил); verges = verjuice – sour juice of unripe fruit). The verbal translation of the names as Кизил and Кисляй is much less expressive than Клюква and Кисель .
III. Companies, corporations, firms.
Traditionally most names of companies (corporations, firms etc.) are transcribed or transliterated and shortly explicated at the same time.
This method is also employed when rendering the names of publishing houses, titles of most newspapers and magazines or journals, and of some public bodies.
The translation may be performed either with the employment of a shorter (when the name of the company (corporation, firm) is well-known or when translating at language level) or more extended explication (when translating at speech/ text level):
Associated Biscuit Manufacturers – англійська компанія по випуску хрустких коржиків “Ессошіейтід біскіт менюфекчерерз”;
But: General Motors – “ Дженерал Моторз” .
It is much easier to translate the names of companies/ corporations when their product is indicated:
British-American Tobacco Co. – об’єднана англо-американська компанія тютюнових виробів “Брітіш-амерікан тобеко компані”;
Coca - Cola Co . Inc . – об’єднана компанія по виробництву безалкогольних напоїв “Кока-кола компані інкорпорейтід”.
Ukrainian companies, firms and other state and private bodies performing the same or similar functions are translated according to the same rule: they are transliterated or transcribed and explicated at the same time:
Київська фірма “Світанок” – Kyiv Svitanok civil services firm;
Укргазпром – Ukrainian Ukrhazprom natural gas importing and extracting body;
Львівська взуттєва фірма “Прогрес” – Lviv Prohress footwear firm.
IV. Names of institutions bearing honorary names.
Special attention should be paid to the translation of the names of institutions, enterprises, geographical objects, etc., bearing honorary names.
!!! In English the honorary name precedes the enterprise/ body which bears it, whereas in Ukrainian/ Russian it always follows the name of the enterprise/ body:
Humboldt State College – Державний коледж ім. Гумбольдта;
George Washington Library – Бібліотека ім. Джорджа Вашингтона;
Lafayette / Longfellow College – Коледж ім. Лафаєтта/ Лонгфелло;
But : Бібліотека ім. Котляревського – the Kotlyarevskyi library;
Національна бібліотека України ім. академіка Вернадського –
Ukrainian Academician Vernadskyi National Library.
Names of literary and scientific/ peace prizes are translated into Ukrainian in two ways:
· with the preservation of the name which the prize bears or
· with the transformation of the noun into a corresponding relative adjective.
E.g.: Nobel Prize – Нобелівська премія – премія імені Нобеля;
Pulitzer Prize – Пулітцерівська премія (премія імені Пулітцера);
Taras Shevchenko Prize – Шевченківська премія (премія імені Тараса Шевченка);
Rylsky Translation Prize – перекладацька премія імені Рильського.
!! English honorary names, therefore, are mostly transformed into relative adjectives in Ukrainian, whereas Ukrainian relative adjectives must be translated, where possible, as corresponding English nouns.
This rule should also be observed when translating the names which contain the often used adjectiive державний. The latter, however, may sometimes be omitted in English, which should not be treated as a translator’s mistake. The thing is that belonging of important institutions to state property in all countries is considered self-evident. As a result, two faithful translations of this kind of names are possible:
Київська державна кіностудія ім. О.Довженка – Kyiv State Dovzhenko Film Studio;
Kyiv Dovzhenko Film Studio;
Львівський державний університет ім. Івана Франка – Lviv I.Franko State University;
Lviv I.Franko University.
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The honorary names originating from common nouns or from those denoting historical/ revolutionary events may be conveyed in two ways:
· translated only or
· transliterated/ transcribed and explicated in brackets at the same time.
Especially often this kind of names were used in Soviet times:
Дзвонковецький колгосп “Тихе життя” – the Dzvonkove Tykhe Zhyttia (Quiet Life) collective farm;
Львівська фірма кондитерських виробів “Світоч” – Lviv Svitoch (Torchlight) Confectionary Firm.
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