HIS ACHEIVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF NEUROLOGY
Federal State Budget Educational Establishment
Of Higher education
<<Penza State University>>
Medical Institute
Course Paper
In History
<<WILDER PENFIELD >>
Student: Vivek kaloni
Group: 19ll5a
Instructor: Dr. Gavrilova Tatiana
Penza 2019-2020
INDEX
1. Wilder Penfield :- a great pioneer in the field of neurology…….3
2. Early Life & Educational qualifications……………………….…4
3. Acheivements in the field of neurology…………………………...6
WILDER PENFIELD {1891-1976}
Wilder Graves Penfield (January 26, 1891 – April 5, 1976) was an American-Canadian neurosurgeon. He expanded brain surgery's methods and techniques, including mapping the functions of various regions of the brain such as the cortical homunculus. His scientific contributions on neural stimulation expand across a variety of topics including hallucinations, illusions, and déjà vu. Penfield devoted much of his thinking to mental processes, including contemplation of whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul. Thus, he is considered to be one of the greatest pioneer in the field of neurology.
EARLY LIFE & EDUCATIONAL
Penfield was born in Spokane, Washington, and spent much of his youth in Hudson, Wisconsin. When he was 13, in 1904, his mother learned of the newly established Rhodes Scholarship. “This is just the thing for you,” he recalled his mother saying with great confidence. He had to become an all-round scholar athlete. “The fact that my mind was really that of a plodder, and that my gangling body was slow and awkward, would be, it seemed, no obstacle whatever.” But he accepted the challenge of this ambition, and preparing himself shaped the years to come.
His father was Charles Samuel Penfield, a physician. His mother was Jean Penfield, née Jefferson, a writer and Bible teacher. The couple had two sons and a daughter – Wilder was their youngest child.
When Wilder was eight years old, his father’s medical practice ran into financial problems: too often he was neglecting his patients, preferring to go on hunting trips in the wilderness.
Wilder’s mother left Spokane with her children and traveled to her hometown of Hudson, Wisconsin, to live with her parents there.
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Penfield went to Princeton University, not least because it was in the small state of New Jersey, and Rhodes Scholarships were awarded on a state by state basis. While there he decided to pursue medicine — the profession of his grandfather and estranged father — because it seemed the most direct way to “make the world a better place in which to live.” Penfield looked forward to beginning his medical education at Oxford, but — despite his having been football tackle, baseball manager, class president and, according to his classmates, “the most respected” and “best all-round man” — he lost out for the Rhodes Scholarship from New Jersey to an “excellent fellow” from Rutgers. Instead, he devoted the year after graduation to earning money for his medical education by coaching the Princeton freshman football team and then teaching at the Galahad School. In the middle of the year, he received word that a Rhodes Scholarship for the following year had been awarded him, and he was accepted for admission to Merton College, which granted him special permission to defer his entrance until the end of the autumn of 1914 so that he might fulfill an agreement to coach the Princeton varsity football team.
At Oxford, he was deeply influenced by Charles Sherrington, “in his heyday, the world’s foremost neurophysiologist,” who made him realize that in the nervous system was “the unexplored field — the undiscovered country in which the mystery of the mind of man might some day be explained.” He was also strongly affected by Sir William Osler, Canadian-born Regius Professor of Medicine (“a hero to the rising generation of medical men”) at whose home he convalesced in 1916 after a German torpedo blew up the ship on which he was crossing the English channel to serve in a Red Cross hospital in France.
After two years at Oxford, he entered the Johns Hopkins Medical School where he received his M.D. in 1918. The following year he was surgical intern at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, serving an apprenticeship under brain surgeon Harvey Cushing. But the memory of the “undiscovered country” he had glimpsed through Sherrington’s lectures continued to intrigue him. He accordingly returned to Oxford for the third and final year of his Rhodes Scholarship as a graduate student in neurophysiology under Sherrington and followed that with a year as a research fellow in neurology at the National Hospital in London.
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HIS ACHEIVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF NEUROLOGY
Penfield was a groundbreaking researcher and original surgeon. His development of a neurosurgical technique using an instrument known as the Penfield dissector, which produced the least injurious meningo-cerebral scar, became widely accepted in the field of neurosurgery and remains in regular use. With his colleague Herbert Jasper, he invented the "Montréal Procedure" in which he treated patients with severe epilepsy by destroying nerve cells in the brain where the seizures originated. Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table (under only local anesthesia), and observed their responses. In this way he could more accurately target the areas of the brain responsible, reducing the side-effects of the surgery.
This technique also allowed him to create maps of the sensory and motor cortices of the brain (see cortical homunculus) showing their connections to the various limbs and organs of the body. These maps are still used today, practically unaltered. Along with Herbert Jasper, he published this work in 1951 (2nd ed., 1954) as the landmark Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. This work contributed a great deal to understanding the localization of brain function. Penfield's maps showed considerable overlap between regions (e.g. the motor region controlling muscles in the hand sometimes also controlled muscles in the upper arm and shoulder) a feature which he put down to individual variation in brain size and localisation: it has since been established that this is due to the fractured somatotopy of the motor cortex. From these results he developed his cortical homunculus map, which is how the brain sees the body from an inside perspective.
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Penfield’s mapping work was enhanced by a technique called electrocorticography he developed with Herbert Jasper. In 1951, they published their classic work Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain describing how epileptic patients could be cured by surgery and how they had mapped the functions of different locations in the brain.
For Penfield's research and operative work, he received numerous national and international awards including the Order of Canada and the Légion d'honneur, and was the second Canadian ever to receive Britain's Order of Merit. Following his retirement in 1960, Penfield dedicated much of his time to various public service causes, as well as employing his understanding of the brain to speak and write about various subjects from education policies and bilingualism to consciousness. Always pursuing new projects, Penfield died in April 1976 at the age of 85, having just completed his partial autobiography and history of the establishment of the MNI, No Man Alone.
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