Номинация «Лучший перевод текста специальной сферы (научно-популярный текст, рекламный текст) с английского языка на русский»
Текст 1
Abstract from «Vladimir Ivanovič Dal’ as a Belletrist» by Joachim T. Baer
…Dal’ was not a man of great culture. His training both at home and in the Naval Cadet School was strict and limited in scope. His personality is strongly characterized by one feature: single-mindedness. He was single-minded in his rejection of all foreign elements in the Russian language and literature and he was completely devoted to the task of compiling his Dictionary and his Proverbs. This single-mindedness bears similarity to fanaticism, a fact that is noticeable primarily in his theoretical writings on the Russian language. It is well known that fanaticism is a concomitant of lack of culture. Dal’ was not a trained philologist but an “ideologist-dilettante”, the more reason for him to be convinced that he was right.
Another fact enters here, namely, Dal’’s foreign origin. He bore a foreign name and professed the Lutheran faith. No doubt he was sensitive to his foreign background since pure Russianism was his ideal. Furthermore, he lived during a time when pure Russianism was the official credo: “It is our joint task to secure that the culture of the nation shall be carried on in the unified spirit of Orthodoxy, autocracy and patriotism” (Count Uvarov). Dal’ did not want to be considered anything else but Russian. When his friends from Derpt wrote to him in the eighteen sixties and asked whether he was Russian or German, he answered unequivocally:
“Ни прозвание, ни вероисповедание, ни самая кровь предков не делают человека принадлежностью той или другой народности. Дух, душа человека - вот где надо искать принадлежности его к тому или другому народу. Чем же можно определить принадлежность духа? Конечно проявлением духа - мыслью. Кто на каком языке думает, тот к тому народу и принадлежит. Я думаю по-русски.”
Текст 2
THE MYSTERY OF BALL LIGHTNING
What’s the most plausible explanation for this rare atmospheric phenomenon?
It's a weather phenomenon that has puzzled the minds of scientists for thousands of years. As far back as the ancient Greeks, there have been eyewitness accounts of floating, glowing balls of electricity emerging after a thunderstorm. These balls of energy have ranged from the size of a golf ball to a few metres wide. There have even been reports of the plasma-like balls floating in the sky and entering people’s homes before vanishing.
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Explanations for these electrical oddities vary, but one of the only theories to be proven in a laboratory is the theory of vaporised silicon. In the ground, soil and sand have high quantities of silicon dioxide. When this compound is heated by the energy emitted by lightning it creates balls of light, which could explain ball lightning sightings in nature. However, this does not account for the witness reports of ball lightning passing through windows and entering a building before dissipating.
There may not be an one-size-fits-all answer when it comes to explaining ball lightning. It is possible that there are many different types of this phenomenon, each caused by a different process. The main hurdle for researchers is the infrequency of ball lightning events, making them difficult to study.
Текст 3
HOW SOAP CLEANS
Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acids salts, produced from the hydrolysis of fats in a chemical reaction called saponification. Each soap molecule has a long hydrocarbon chain, sometimes called its 'tail', with a
carboxylate 'head'. In water, the sodium or potassium ions float free, leaving a negatively-charged head.
Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as an emulsifying agent. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into another immiscible liquid. This means that while oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it can be removed.
The organic part of natural soap is a negatively-charged, polar molecule. Its hydrophilic (water-loving) carboxylate group interacts with water molecules via ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. The hydrophobic (water-fearing) part of a soap molecule, its long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, does not interact with water molecules. The hydrocarbon chains are attracted to each other by dispersion forces and cluster together, forming structures called micelles. In these micelles, the carboxylate groups form a negatively-charged spherical surface, with the hydrocarbon chains inside the sphere. Because they are negatively charged, soap micelles repel each other and remain dispersed in water.
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Grease and oil are nonpolar and insoluble in water. When soap and soiling oils are mixed, the nonpolar hydrocarbon portion of the micelles break up the nonpolar oil molecules. A different type of micelle then forms, with nonpolar soiling molecules in the center. Thus, grease and oil and the 'dirt' attached to them are caught inside the micelle and can be rinsed away.
Текст 4
HOW CAN A MAN IN A $27,000 SUIT SETTLE FOR A $235 WATCH?
The Apollo-Soyuz spacesuits, like those for every preceding space mission, were designed especially for the job. Not surprising either. You’d hardly expect to find the equipment for the flight through space to this historic America-Russia meeting ready-invented in the shops.
Yet that’s how the astronauts found the Omega Speedmaster, their watch.
In 1965 NASA picked up a Speedmaster, as simply as you do in your local jewellery shop. And they made it standard flight equipment for every astronaut because, unlike any other chronograph tested, whatever NASA did to the Speedmaster, it stood up.
If you’re wearing an Omega Speedmaster you can be proud of it – numerous space missions, six moon landings, and now, almost unbelievably, America and Russia together. For any other watch, the shock would be too much.
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