Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта
Самостоятельная работа №1. «Развитие автомобильного транспорта»
The early days of the Automobile
1. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and run at maximum speed of four miles. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.
2. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain.
3. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: «When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted».
4. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By the time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.
In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were.
The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorist had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
After World War 1 it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.
5. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by international combustion engine – cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.
From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million!
6. There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club. Collectors can also advertise in the magazine published by their clubs. The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity – is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.
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1. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:
Vehicle, mechanical power, self-propelled, was constructed, a steam-driven engine, wheels, passengers, motor cars, issued, prosecuted, of gasoline engines, introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation, two-seated cars, efficient, international combustion engine, abolition, automobile industry, collect antique cars, advertisements.
Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста
1) In ….. a steam engine was built in Great Britain.
2) From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application…
3) The cars of that time were very small…
4) Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are…
5) The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity –…
Самостоятельная работа № 2. «Виды наземного транспорта»
Different kind of land transport
What was the reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine?
In Washington the story is told of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last century suggested that the Office be closed because «everything that could possibly be invented had been invented». People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine.
But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the international combustion engine.
Who introduced the first cheap motor car?
The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.
Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model «T».
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When did diesel-engine Lorries become general?
The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined Lorries became general.
The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.
When were the trams introduced first?
Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning «for all». His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in then 20th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses.
Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19th century. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to pull a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails.
Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St.Petersburg,
Kiev and some other crowded cities is the underground railway.
London’s first underground railway of the «tube» type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.
What do the longest oil pipe-lines connect?
The pipe-lines, which were in use by the ancient Romans for carrying water supplies to their houses, are now mainly used to transport petroleum. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid in Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1865.
Some of the longest oil pipe-lines connect oil-fields in Iraq and near the Persian Gulf with ports on the Mediterranean coast. A famous Pipe-line Under the Ocean was laid across the English Channel in 1944.
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What are the cableways used for?
A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is the aerial cableway. Cableways are used at nearly all winter sport centers to pull or carry skiers to the top of the slopes. Cableways are used by many Alpine villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies from the valley bellow.
Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта
Omnibus, cableway, steam engines, pipe-lines, motor cars, diesel engines
2. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:
Invention of the steam engines усилие
efficient engine дизельный двигатель
internal combustion engine. омнибус
motor transport изобретение парового двигателя
The rapid development бензин для транспорта
diesel-engine троллейбусы
Trams продуктивный двигатель
Omnibuses связь с нефтяной сферой
horse-driven buses. двигатель внутреннего сгорания
Effort моторный транспорт
The electric motor трамваи
trolleybuses, лошадиная сила
pipe-lines электрический мотто
transport petroleum. трубопровод
connect oil-fields бензин
3. Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста
1. People experienced a similar feeling after the….
2. The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by…
3. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until…
4. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were…
5. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid…
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6. A form of transport which is quite common in some mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is…
Самостоятельная работа № 3. «Автомобильное производство»
Automobile production
Specialists in automobile industry deal with designing and manufacturing cars, so they should know that the production of the automobile comprises the following phases:
1. Designing
2. Working out the technology of manufacturing processes
3. Laboratory tests
4. Road tests
5. Mass production
Why is it necessary to know all these facts?
It is important to know them as before the automobile (car or truck) is put into mass production, it should be properly designed and the automobile must meet-up-to-date requirements.
What are these requirements?
The automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and pleasant appearance.
In order to obtain all these qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars, using new types of resistant to corrosion light materials. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems.
But before the car is put into mass production all its units and mechanisms are subjected to tests, first in the plant’s laboratory, then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Only then the car is put into mass production. Why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the automobile? The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system, as well as pleasant appearance. Also it must be comfortable and have all conveniences.
1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:
1. mechanical engineer а) долгий срок службы
2. to deal (with) б) запустить в массовое производство
3. designing cars в) подвергать испытаниям
4. to put into mass production г) плавное сцепление
5. long service life д) отвечать современным требованиям
6. driving safety е) иметь дело
7. to meet up-to-date demands ж) надёжные тормоза и рул. упр-я
8. smooth-acting clutch и) безопасность езды
9. silent gearbox й) бесшумная коробка передач
10 .dependable brakes and steering system к) инженер-механик
11. to subject to test л) конструирование автомобилей
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