Прочитайте и переведите текст :

Basic Elements of Cadastral System

A Land Cadastre as a Tax Tool and a Land Registry has long tradi­tions. The legal base of modem era of these institutions was created long ago.

The following four basic aspects give an overview of the existing cadastral systems: legal and organizational characteristics, levels of planning and control, aspects of multipurpose cadastres, and responsi­bilities of the public and private sectors.

The basic elements of the cadastral systems are different in different countries. Cadastral systems can be based on titles, deeds, or both. Some countries have indicated that their cadastral system is based on titles. The parcel is the basic unit in the others. A civil law system is the legal basis in the most of them. Registration of property rights is also compulsory. In the average cadastral system, legal protection of the registered rights seems to be very good. The legal force of a property registration, however, has at the same time both a positive and negative effect. The positive effect — registered rights — are assumed to be cor­rect and the negative effect — unregistered rights — are assumed to be non-existent.

Furthermore, the state is in the most cases liable for any damage that was caused by faulty registration. In most jurisdictions, the cadas­tral systems include land registration and cadastral mapping. In many countries cadastral maps are part of the register, but not, for example, in most of the Australian states, and in Hong Kong, Greece, and Latvia. Land registration includes such interests in land as the rights, but which are also restrictions and responsibilities.

In most cases, the cadastre covers the complete territory of the country. The exceptions are low priority areas which may not always be covered. The cadastres are mainly of a complete character which means that parcels are introduced into the systems in a systematic way.

There are two components of strategic plannings — land registration and cadastral mapping. Strategic planning, management, and opera­tional control for both components of the cadastral system are done within the same organization which is, in all cases, from the public sec­tor. But sometimes tasks of strategic planning and management control are separated among different organizations, some of which are even in the private sector. However, the strategic responsibility for the cadastral systems, i.e. strategic planning, is always kept in the hands of the public sector.

Cadastral systems were mainly established to serve a legal and/or a fiscal purpose. Historically, land records have been established to s
two main purposes. First, as “fiscal” records, primarily for the public sector, they have served as the basis for the full and accurate taxation of land. Second, as “legal” records for the private sector, they have served as registers of ownership and other land rights. The data of the cadastral systems are used for facilities management, base mapping, value assessment, land use planning, and environmental impact assess­ment. A legal basis, however, does not exist everywhere for all of these other purposes.

4.Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Steady, equipment, legal, official, basic, tool, huge, main, state, persistent, nation, cumbersome.

5.Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицатель­ных префиксов и переведите их:

Dis-: regard, advantage, courage, appear, appoint, count, symmetri­cal, pleasure.

Non-: agricultural, currency, human, durable, effective, persistent, content, communicable, plowable, judicial.

6.Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Основные аспекты, во всех случаях, правовые и фискальные цели, частный сектор, влияние окружающей среды, эра нового государственного управления, финансовая часть земельной ре­гистрации, административные недостатки, сильные и слабые сто­роны, быстрое обслуживание пользователей, точность карт, очень дорогой, часто указывает, низкий уровень (степень) охвата.

7.Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Ограниченная компьютеризация — слабая сторона системы.

2.Государство постоянно регистрирует земли. 3. В прошлом году в агентстве имели место финансовые и административные недо­статки. 4. Землеустроитель проводит сейчас кадастровую съемку.

5.Кадастровые карты есть почти во всех странах. 6. Информация о земле очень полезна для землеустроителей. 7. Кадастровая си­стема защищает права владельцев земли. 8. Землеустроители не­сут ответственность за оценку земли.

8.Образуйте однокоренные слова от данных глаголов:

То manage, to arrange, to organize, to work, to survey, to describe, to use, to express, to locate, to consider, to assess, to execute, to change, to improve, to plow.

9.Заполните пропуски, используя слова: access, increase, costs, undertakes, sciences, offers.

1.A land use planner ... different role in different countries. 2. Land use planning is concerned with a lot of different ... 3. Modern technol­ogy ... new possibilities. 4. It’s important to ... the speed and lower the ... for cadastral reforms. 5. Computer technology provides better ... to information.
 10.Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. ... this text we discuss the basic determination ... the cadastral system. 2. ... the modern world word combination “land use planning” has a much wider meaning. 3. The public and private sectors are re­sponsible ... all tasks. 4. The strengths ... existing cadastral systems in­clude land registration. 5. Both cadastres and land mapping should be kept simple, and concentrate only ... the data ... their particular pur­poses.

11.Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. The financial part of land registration is constantly carrying out by the private sector. 2. The weaknesses of the system are gradually decreas­ing. 3. It’s difficult to achieve a high level of integration. 4. An inte­grated system is developing now. 5. Land use planners are working to­day on the problem of automating land records.

12.Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:

1. The, basic, now, is, system, of, determination, cadastral, discus­sing. 2. The, holds, state, all, on, registration, land, responsibilities. 3. Are, some strengths, there, in, system, cadastral, weaknesses, and, the existing. 4. Maps, cadastral, the, part, of, register, are, the. 5. Low, funds, are, budget, of, systems, cadastral, existing, weaknesses.

13.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.Is a land cadastre a tax tool? 2. Does it have long traditions?

3.When was the legal base of a land cadastre and a land registry cre­ated? 4. What are the basic elements of cadastral systems? 5. Does the cadastral system implement legal protection of landowners’ rights? 6. Is the state liable for any damage caused by faulty registration? 7. Does the cadastre cover the complete territory of most countries? 8. Are fiscal and legal records the main purposes of cadastral systems?

 

 

Практическая работа №7.

 

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Epoch, sense, appreciate, well-known, magnificent, justify, cruel, compare, obligation, estate, century, peasant, wealthy, waterway, staff, medieval, similarity, archival, tremendous.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Few geographical surveys of cadastral character, late descriptions, introspective Moscow State, Great Reformer, pre-Petrine Russian cul­ture, imperial ideology, the changes in the nature of a cadastre, feudal tax cadastre, low density, abundance of agricultural resources, unsuc­cessful attempts, hunting estates of tsars, vassal obligations, poll tax.

3.  Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Review of the Russian Medieval Cadastre

The Russian medieval cadastres had been a kind of routine regular survey. Land descriptions of the whole state or separate provinces were Planned and fulfilled by the staff of the Estate Administration (Pomestnyi Prikaz). Each expedition sent by an administrative unit to collect land use data included at least two senior officials (usually an experi­enced chancery official and a wealthy aristocrat) and few junior officials for whom it was a kind of practice. All the expeditions received special written orders from the tsar and had the right to check land property documents, to solve land disputes of local landlords, in some cases even to confiscate estate. These decisions could be changed only by the spe­cial tsar orders. A record in the cadastral book had usually been the best proof of property rights. The cadastral officials used to compare con­temporary land use with the documents of the previous survey. That is why it is often possible to find brief data of a previous survey in the books of the next one.

From the end of the XVth century the Estate Administration un­dertook regular surveys of the lands of Moscow State. During these surveys there were created descriptions of the whole state and its sepa­rate provinces. These descriptions (pistsovye knigi) included a number of peasants in each village of the estate, quantity of arable and mead- owlands, approximate data on forests. Being improved from one survey to another, late descriptions of the XVIIth century demonstrate distin­guished and complicated feudal tax cadastre.

They evaluated land estates in two-steps way taking into considera­tion quantity of productive arable lands measured in a very accurate way. Next step was the evaluation of arable soil quality: good, medium or poor. After that the data on quality had been recalculated in exact proportion into special units of agricultural productivity of the estate.

Land taxes and vassal obligations served as the basement of admin­istrative, financial and military life of the Moscow State in the XVI — XVI Ith centuries. These duties were determined in accordance with the quantity and feudal status of land holding and its agricultural value. The state itself did not carry out any important economic projects. Stability of central administration, power and wealth of Moscow State depended on prosperity of peasantry paying taxes and landlords serving for the state with their vassal. Surveyors took into consideration feudal status of the land holding they described. The data on agricultural productiv­ity of estates had been recalculated once more into special tax units (sokha) in order to reflect status of the landlords.

Land cadastre of that period had been the tax cadastre — evaluation of settled and exploited lands. It dealt with arable and hayfield lands, sometimes with fisheries, apiaries, hunting estates of tsars. Virgin for­ests, empty lands and marches attracted no attention of estate survey­ors. This situation reflected abundance of agricultural resources and low density of peasant population. This shows the level of geographical knowledge of that period: despite the fact that major waterways and roads had been described and well-known, contemporaries of Ivan the Terrible or Boris Godunov seemed to be unaware of endless Russian forests as foreign ambassadors and merchants had been on their way to the capital of Moscovy. Contemporary documents showed that even wealthy native aristocracy could go astray while travelling in the forests of the Central Russia.

Besides numerous surveys carried out by the Estate Administration, many wealthy landlords compiled cadastral descriptions of their lands: sovereign Great Princes, Archbishops, monasteries.

The system of a land cadastre of the XVI — XVI Ith centuries used the old-fashioned methods of direct land measuring in area units when contemporary European countries began to use land charts and maps. But there existed a couple of archival documents showing the use of charts and plans in medieval cadastres. The general level of mapmaking could be seen from the published translations of books on geometry and land measuring, allowed at least to presume the technical possibility of the brief land mapping of Central Russia. All this proves the similarity of medieval Russian land cadastres and continental cadastral system.

4.  Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Impact, link, lucky, purpose, successfully, accurate, influence, ob­jective, connect, exact.

5.  Образуйте антонимы от данных слов:

Large, successful, little, natural, appropriate, rural, use, expensive, weak, narrow.

6.  Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Отражать всю картину, хорошо известная точка зрения, по­душный налог, природа и цели кадастра, сложный феодальный налоговый кадастр, обязанности вассала, тщательно изучать, власть и богатство, пересчитать в точной пропорции, средневеко­вая аристократия, количество крестьян, собирать данные по зем­лепользованию, изданные переводы книг, косвенные доказатель­ства.

7.  Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на анг­лийский:

1. Европейское влияние было огромным. 2. Православная вера популярна в России. 3. Государство выполняло самые важные экономические проекты. 4. Самые поздние описания кадастра XVII века демонстрировали сложный феодальный налоговый ка­дастр. 5. Раньше они описывали земельные угодья в две ступени.

5. Эти описания включали количество крестьян в каждой дерев­не, качество пахотной земли и лугов. 7. Этот текст сравнивает ка­дастр двух столетий. 8. Кадастр земли средневекового периода — налоговый кадастр.

8.  Запишите прописью следующие количественные числитель­ные, хронологические даты и дроби:

16, 89, 154, 985, 2841, 3462, 5816, 99852, 186954, 1 861083; 1/8, 3/4, 2/3, 1/3; 0.05; 1.6; 0.007; 1942, 2001, 1957, 1992, 1996, 2004.

9.  Образуйте 3 степени сравнения следующих прилагательных:

Good, big, important, beautiful, little, far, many, bad, easy, compli­cated, friendly, nice, fine, difficult, interesting, high.

10.  Раскройте скобки, употребляя имена прилагательные в соот­ветствующей степени сравнения:

1. A record in the cadastral book had usually been the (good) proof of property rights. 2. (Late) descriptions of the XVllth century demon­strate distinguished and complicated feudal tax cadastre. 3. The arable lands were measured in a very (accurate) way. 4. The (good) the serv­ice, the (easy) the life. 5. This is the (magnificent) project on the forest cadastre I have ever seen.

11.  Образуйте однокоренные слова от следующих слов:

Manage, regular, collect, implement, work, operate, publish, change, press, satisfy.

12.  Укажите исходную форму прилагательных и составьте с ними предложения:

Less, many, better, worst, more, interesting, more difficult, beauti­ful, the most different, farther, the most.

13.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

1. What is this text devoted to? 2. What kind of cadastres were the Russian medieval ones? 3. What did Pomestnyi Prikaz undertake at the end of the XVth century? 4. What did description of land include?

5. How were land taxes and vassal obligations serve? 6. Did the state carry out any important economic projects? 7. What did the Russian medieval cadastre deal to? 8. Is the similarity of the medieval Russian land cadastre and continental cadastral system proved by any docu­ments of that time?

 

 

Практическая работа №8.

 

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Methodically, colleagues, boundary, certain, majesty, zoom, an­nounce, complete, widespread, digital, session, authority, Gazeteer, consequence, emerge, arrange, aforementioned, validity.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Within a certain country, use and implementation throughout Eu­rope, to maximize the efficiency, Valuation Office Agency, complete digital database, e-Business strategy, relatively uniform cadastral sur­veys, unique definition, certificate of title, less pronounced, must be surveyed and demarcated, objects of taxation, greatest achievements, the cradle of the European cadastre, under the umbrella.

3.  Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The UK “Cadastre”

The word cadastre is generally used to describe “a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties, within a cer­tain country or district, based upon a survey of their boundaries”. There are numerous models however for its use and implementation throughout Europe. Taking the land parcel as its foundation, the ca­dastre is used to record information about land rights, valuation, land use, etc.

There is no UK Cadastre — the word cadastre is not one com­monly used in the UK, where for historical reasons the development of land administration institutions has taken place in a different way from the rest of Europe. While mapping remains the basis for those activities considered as “cadastral”, in the UK there is no single organization responsible for the cadastre.

Ordnance Survey, as a national mapping agency, maintains large scale mapping for England, Scotland, and Wales. In Northern Ireland this is the responsibility of Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland. The detailed digital mapping maintained by these two Government Agen­cies provides the definitive framework upon which other organiza­tions can “hook” and manage their data. Another difference with most mainland European countries is that the base mapping in UK is topographic — it shows features that exist on the ground but not the fixed boundary points and monuments usually associated with a ca­dastre.

Ordnance Survey has made Great Britain one of the few countries in the world to have a complete digital national topographic database, including complete large scale data for all urban areas. Recently Ord­nance Survey Northern Ireland has completed the UK picture with large scale digital data covering the entire province. Within Great Brit­ain there is now widespread use of digital mapping across many user sectors, in one of the most developed markets in Europe.

Over the last twelve months Ordnance Survey has embarked on a number of projects under the umbrella of a new “e-Business strategy”, the vision of which is: “Ordnance Survey and its partners will be the content provider of choice for location based information in the new knowledge economy”. As a part of its new e-Business strategy, Ord­nance Survey is developing its digital mapping products and services within a coherent infrastructure known as the Digital National Frame­work. A unique 16 digit topographic identifier is used for all points, lines, and areas, and provides a common link that will allow different data to reference the same feature allowing users to cross reference data in a way that should help to release the potential and value of their data.

The Nation Land Information Service (NLIS) is a part of the UK Government “modernizing government” initiative. It is a project being jointly developed by Her Majesty Land Registry (HMLR) and Local Government. It features private sector partners that provide access to a National Land and Property Gazeteer.

In conclusion, while there is no cadastre in the United Kingdom the activities normally considered to be a part of the cadastre on continen­tal Europe are performed by a variety of agencies. Although the or­ganizational frameworks are different, many of the issues facing UK institutions are similar to those faced by our colleagues involved in ca­dastre in other parts of Europe. There is a need to create coordination of efforts in a way described in the UK as “joined-up government” in order to maximize the efficiency of effort and to provide the best value and service to the citizen.

4. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Reason, need, best, maximize, purpose, necessity, excellent, link, similar, bind, increase, same.

5.  Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицатель­ных префиксов:

1п-\ significance, separable, official, subordinate, sufferable, urban(e), appropriate, supportable, dependence, dependant.

Un-: limited, steady, suitable, known, reasonable, thinking, trained, suspected.

6.  Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Основная схожесть, несмотря на организационные рамки, пра­вительственные структуры (агентства), картирование остается ос­новой, оценка имущества (недвижимости), электронная бизнес- стратегия, уникальный цифровой определить (идентификатор), инициатива модернизации правительства, полевые заметки, в со­ответствии с количеством участков, «объединенное правитель­ство», бывшие колонии, степень безопасности и надежности, он должен обратиться к регистратору.

7.  Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Важной характерной чертой разработки является связь меж­ду кадастром и регистрацией земли. 2. Франция — колыбель (ро­доначальник) кадастра. 3. Французский кадастр был определен Наполеоном в начале XIX века. 4. В Соединенном Королевстве нет кадастра. 5. В Англии два агентства, которые несут ответ­ственность за запись прав на землю. 6. Англия имеет полную циф­ровую государственную топографическую базу данных. 7. Уни­кальный топографический определитель используется для всех площадей. 8. Дания имеет всестороннюю кадастровую карту, ох­ватывающую всю страну.

8.  Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глагола­ми:

1. You ... go to the Agency by bus. 2. This is an easy text on land cadastre. You ... translate it without a dictionary. 3. The students ... work hard. 4. Information ... be organized in integrative form. 5. Work ...be based on sound cadastral survey. 6. The computerization ... have much place in land use planning.

9.  Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами:

1. The Government Agencies can “hook” and manage data. 2. Re­searches must look at the possibilities of different services. 3. The results of the trial couldn’t be announced. 4. The providers may use digital topographic identifier. 5. This system must provide proper information.

6. Cadastre must have basis for further modernization. 7. Completely new land records must be compiled.

10.  Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. There are numerous models ... cadastre. 2. The cadastre is used ... record information ... land rights, valuation, land use, etc. 3. There is no single organization responsible ... the cadastre ... the UK. 4. Na­tional Mapping Agency maintains large scale mapping ... England, Scotland, and Wales. 5. The detailed digital mapping is maintained ... two Government Agencies.

11.  Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. The basic principles should consist of two parts. 2. This pro­grammes must provide interesting results. 3. Researches must have basis for further development. 4. The Spanish cadastral system must provide national coverage. 5. The cadastre is developing gradually.

12.  Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внима­ние на многозначность слова one.

1. One of them is a land use planner. 2. Another cadastre emerged parallel to this one. 3. One should know all these rules. 4. In all Western European countries, cadastral maps are used for many purposes besides the original one. 5. One of the greatest achievements of the Napoleon­ic cadastre was that it provided a complete record of all land units.

13.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

1. Is there the UK cadastre? 2. Are there models of its use and im­plementation throughout Europe? 3. How many Government Agencies providing digital mapping are there in the UK? 4. What organization provides a wealth of free mapping on web site? 5. What is “e-business strategy”? 6. Can the Government Agencies “hook” and manage data?

7. May the providers use digital topographic identifier? 8. Must Na­tional Mapping Agency maintain large scale mapping for England, Scotland, and Wales?

 

Практическая работа №9.

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Multipurpose, revenue, guarantees, collection, private, tax, corre­spondence, user, mortgage, urban, grid, benchmarks, features, link, registration, subdivision, broker, title, stockholders.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Registry service, property registry, unique parcel, private investors,

multipurpose tool, city revenue, urban certificates, tax collection, own purposes, individual demands, geodetic grids, real estate, information users, comprehensive census of owners and occupants.

3.  Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст:

What Is an Urban Cadastre

An urban cadastre is a physical description of the land and real estate tenure in a city. It contains graphic and textual information. Graphic information includes the description of each individual parcel and building, topographic features such as roads, rivers, contour lines, additional information such as cartographic grids, geodetic bench­marks, etc. Textual information includes names of owners or occu­pants, names of streets or areas of specific interest, main characteris­tics of each parcel or building such as the area, the fiscal value, the associated urban certificates, etc. Both types of information are linked together and managed in a system known as a cadastral information system.

Most of the time, the cadastre is integrated with the property regis­try, the legal registration of land and real estate property. Integration of the cadastre with the registry creates a parcel based registry or a legal cadastre. This guarantees the exact correspondence between physical and legal ownership. In other words, wherever there is a parcel or building, there are the corresponding titles or “legal tenure documents” registered ih the property registry, and respectively, wherever there are registered titles, there is a unique parcel corresponding to it. This is technically permitted by a unique identification number that links uni­laterally the parcel or the building to the title.

We can identify two categories of stockholders involved in the main­tenance and use of cadastral information: information providers and information users. Information providers include cadastral and registry services as well as private surveyors and notaries. The former are re­sponsible for the systematic production and maintenance of the infor­mation, the latter generally intervene for day to day individual demands, such as private utility and facility companies that would produce and need data for their own purposes like water tax collection. Information users include the private individual users, municipalities and local com­munities, public and private investors, banks, real estate and mortgage brokers, etc.

The successful urban cadastre depends upon legal frameworks, the social assessment and participation as well as use of new technologies.

4.  Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Unsafe, local, indigenous, framework, ancillary, justice, additional, dangerous, fairness, stockholders, limiting, shareholders.

5.  Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицатель­ных префиксов:

ir-: respective, repairable, responsibility, rational, regular, reclaim- able, recoverable, recognizable.

im-\ patible, mobile, movability, perfection, movable, possibility, penetrability, police.

6.  Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Описание участка, топографические черты, дополнительная информация, городской сертификат, уникальный опознаватель­ный номер, 2 категории акционеров, пользователь информации, поставщик информации, правовые рамки, увеличить доступ, уст­ранить напряженность, дальнейший анализ, перепись владельцев, безопасность недвижимости.

7.  Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский:

1. Городской кадастр должен содержать физическое описание земли и недвижимости в городе. 2. Городской кадастр включает графическую и текстовую информацию. 3. Информационные про­вайдеры и пользователи — 2 категории акционеров. 4. Городской кадастр должен иметь список владельцев. 5. Новые технологии Уже решили старые проблемы. 6. Я только что зарегистрировал свою недвижимость. 7. К концу следующего года моя недвижи­мость будет уже построена. 8. Правовые рамки уже четко опреде­лили распределение обязанностей между земельным агентством и агентством недвижимости.

8.  Образуйте 3 формы следующих глаголов:

То identify, to feel, to make, to impact, to accompany, to give, to vary, to understand, to equip, to computerize, can, to train, to teach, to see, to send, to improve.

9.  Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обра­щая внимание на разные значения глагола to have:

1. The staff of this firm has been trained to maintain the compu­terized technology system. 2. You have to know everything about textual and graphic information. 3. Each city has urban cadastral maps. 4. Most of the countries have almost finished capturing cadas­tral textual information. 5. European countries have understood the importance of linking the property registries or mortgage books with the cadastre. 6. Every day 1 have dinner at 12 o’clock. 7. Recently the European Union has conducted a comparison of the European cadas­tres.

10.  Образуйте прилагательные от следующих существитель­ных:

Investigation, administration, prosecution, communication, com­parison, danger, science, confidence, base, history science, importance, registration, decision, difference.

11.  Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. The social assessment and participation have required innovative approaches. 2. There have been three technical steps for the rapid tech­nological evolution. 3. The European countries have understood the importance of the cadastre. 4. The staff has already been trained to main­tain the system. 5. You have to stem lessons from a technical comparison of European cadastral systems.

12.  Используйте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующей форме:

1. Recently we (to receive) the textual information. 2. We just (to prepare) the map of this city. 3. He (to be) to use graphic information.

4. By the end of this week the report (to write). 5. They already (to see) this information. 6. The European countries (to understand) the impor­tance of property registration.

13.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is an urban cadastre? 2. What does textual information in­clude? 3. What categories of stockholders do you know? 4. Is integra­tion of the cadastre with the registry so important? 5. Will use of new technologies solve old problems? 6. What have you to do when prepar­ing a cadastre? 7. Should the legal framework provide a clear distribu­tion of responsibilities between land and real estate agencies? 8. Will the field data acquisition process be governed by population participa­tion?

 

 

Практическая работа №10.

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Vacant, eminent, enforcement, condemnation, levy, domain, delin­quency, revitalization, officials, deem, attractive, blighted, redemption, emerge, revenue, perception, perceive, pursue.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

Tax lien foreclosure, for the public good, land remains vacant, emi­nent domain, increase tax revenue, insurable property title, recipient property, smart growth, legislative reforms, local level remains defi­cient, abandoned land, approaches have been pioneered, hindering the process, a marketable proper title.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Vacant Property

The reuse of vacant land and abandoned structures can represent an opportunity for the economic growth and recovery of a diverse range of urban areas. Vacant and abandoned property is a symptom of central city decline that has now become a problem in its own right.

Vacant land represents both a significant problem and an attractive opportunity for many central cities. Vacant land and abandoned struc­tures impose both economic and social costs on cities and neighbour­hoods or districts in which they are located. On the economic side, such properties lower neighbouring property values and tax revenues even as they create pressure to raise taxes to maintain service levels. Likewise, vacant land and abandoned structures impose significant so­cial costs on communities as images of blight, as targets for vandalism and criminal activity, and as unsafe and unhealthy structures.

At the same time, though, vacant land holds out an opportunity for central cities when it is seen as a competitive asset in the implementa­tion of economic development strategies. Vacant land development can generate new economic activity, increase tax revenue, improve trans­portation and physical amenities, and increase safety. It can also help cities to resolve their brownfield problems as well as reinforce “smart growth” practices by accommodating growth and development within existing urban areas.

Despite the need to understand better the problems and opportuni­ties associated with vacant and abandoned properties, few efforts have attempted to comprehensively quantify their extent. Land use planners surveyed cities perceptions of their vacant land and abandoned struc­tures problem and found that they were viewed as a serious concern.

The survey has found that, on the average, 15 per cent of a city’s land remains vacant. But while both surveys help to provide a better under­standing of the issue and city responses to it, neither was comprehen­sive. The survey also found that city officials deemed aggressive building code enforcement the most effective technique to address vacant land and abandoned structures, followed by the use of tax foreclosure (used by 60 per cent of the surveyed cities).

To understand the full scope of the problems and opportunities as­sociated with vacant lands and abandoned structures, we need system­atic and ongoing data collection.

4.  Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:

Responsibilities, confiscation, similar, duties, various, homoge­nous, diverse, ownership, domain, suppose, levy, tax, deem, condem­nation.

5.  Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицатель­ных префиксов:

im-\ possible, mobility, material, mature, modest, measurability, memorial.

//-: legal, liberal, legible, logical, legitimate, legitimacy, literacy.

6.  Переведите следующие словосочетания с русского языка на английский:

Перестройка земли, повторное использование, свободная земля, благоустройство города (нарядный рост), пустующие структуры, социальные затраты, цели для вандализма и крими­нальной деятельности, осуществление экономического развития, лучшее понимание проблем, налоговое лишение права выкупа, сбор данных, восприятие города, возможность экономического роста.

7.  Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на ан­глийский:

1. Свободные земли и пустующие структуры должны заново использоваться. 2. Свободными остаются 15% городских земель. 3. Ярлык свободной земли дается различным видам использован­ной и неиспользованной земли. 4. Для решения проблемы пусту­ющих земель законодательные реформы уже изданы. 5. Землеуст­роители озабочены проблемой пустующих земель. 6. Экономи­ческие затраты возрастают из-за пустующих земель.

8.  Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму сказуемого:

1. These strategies are grouped by 3 broad categories. 2. An impor­tant role is played by state governments. 3. Implementation of financing rules is carried out by eminent domain powers. 4. Legislative reforms have been successfully undertaken by some states. 5. Vacant lands must be reused. 6. The vacant land label is given to different used and unused parcels of land. 7. Legislation reforms have already been published to decide these problems.

9.  Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных:

Successful, beneficial, wide, sufficient, official, high, quick, early, public, accurate.

10.  Заполните пропуски предлогами:

1. The redevelopment ... vacant and abandoned properties consists ... five strategies. 2. Tax lien foreclosure process is greatly influenced ... a tax collection system. 3. Vacant land problems are constantly being decided ... local authorities. 4. Land redevelopment will be decided ... new approaches. 5. Land surveyors are concerned ... problems ... vacant lands.

11.  Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. Legislative reforms have already been implemented to support urban land redevelopment. 2. The current set of tools remains deficient. 3. Productive use requires legislative powers. 4. States can be divided into three categories. 5. Eminent domain has been used to establish public parts, preserve places of historic interest.

12.  Используйте глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в соответствую­щем времени и залоге и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Vacant land problems (to view) as a serious concern. 2. The va­cant land label (to give) to many different types of used or unused parcels. 3. Legislative power (to require) to overcome the problems as­sociated with vacant properties. 4. To support urban redevelopment legislative reforms already (to undertake). 5. Urban land development will (to promote) by the legislative reforms and approaches.

13.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.Do vacant land and abandoned structures impose economic and social costs on cities? 2. What does vacant land represent? 3. Does va­cant land hold out any opportunities? 4. What kind of opportunities does vacant land hold out? 5. What can vacant land development gen­erate? 6. How can vacant land help city? 7. How many per cent of a city’s land remains vacant? 8. Why have any states successfully

 

Практическая работа №11.

 

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

Unfortunately, careful, amount, individuality, pleasures, handiwork, turmoil, circumferential, curvilinear, wantonly, vista, show, congestion, desirous, carriageway, inconvenience, pedestrian, pave.

2.  Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:

The majority of cases, attractive amenities, it invariably happens, gross handiwork, the purest of human pleasures, dwelling removed from the turmoil and discomfort, well planted and finely laid out, undulation of the site, heavily trafficked streets, to prevent the congestion, ap­proximately the same height, wide grass margins, creation of fitting civic centre.

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