Task 2. T ranslate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the function of the Past Participle.
The Past Participle as an attribute.
- Protective tariffs make imported products more expensive and encourage people to buy goods produced in their own country
- Exporters and importers often require references when dealing with unknown firms in distant countries.
- The main reasons given were the large amount of work commissioned by the Government.
The Past Participle as part of a predicate (to form the perfect tenses and the passive voice).
1. Our department has received an enquiry from the Chinese government.
2. He has been asked to give an expert opinion.
3. As he was convinced that it would be the most important negotiation in the history of the country, the Head of the government department informed the President about it.
4. Unauthorised material may be challenged and removed.
Task 3. Choose the correct form of the participles used as adjectives in the following sentences.
1. PLAN takes pride in the fact that on average throughout the world, approximately 80p of every £1 (contributed / contributing) goes straight towards development work, with the absolute minimum (being spent / be spending) on administration.
2. You will agree this is the most (encouraging / encouraged) proposal.
3. When an official proposal is made, representatives have to meet in order to reach the goals (outlined / outlining) in the documents.
4. Mr Watson was a middleman (represented / representing) a newly independent country.
5. Explain the possible problems (associating / associated) with promotional international cooperation.
6. 70 members concluded a deal (covering / covered) more than 95% of trade in banking, insurance, securities and financial information.
7. Numerous (specializing / specialized) committees and (working / worked) groups deal with the individual agreements and other areas.
8. A sentence in which some information is unnecessarily (repeating / repeated) is (calling / called) redundant.
9. ( Giving / given) here are some quotations that are always (sending / sent) first and thus should be (keeping / kept) ready.
10. I am deeply honoured by the invitation (extending / extended) to me.
PRACTICE
Ask yourselves these questions when considering the -ing form & Past Participle
1. What tense form of the -ing form & Past Participle should be used?
a. Participle I Non-perfect (Active and Passive) (- working; being received-) usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb. It may refer to the present, past or future.
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| The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations representing almost all of humanity. | Организация Объединённых Наций это объединение суверенных государств почти всего человечества. |
| Being built of wood the bridge could not carry heavy loads. | Так как мост был построен из дерева , он не мог выдержать больших нагрузок. |
b. Part I Perfect (Active and Passive) - (having liquidated; having been used) denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
| Having lost all hope of solving the problems, they carry the meeting over. | Потеряв всякую надежду разрешить проблемы, они перенесли встречу на более поздний срок. |
| Having already been informed about the annual meeting the participants wished to receive newsletters. | Будучи проинформированными о ежегодном собрании, участники пожелали получить информационные бюллетени. |
Exercise 1. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a present or a perfect participle. Translate the new sentences into Russian.
Model: She hoped to find a will. She searched it everywhere.
Hoping to find the will, she searched it everywhere
1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.
2. She became tired of my complaints about the plan. She turned it off.
3. He asked me to help. He realised that he couldn’t solve problems.
4. He thought he must have made a mistake somewhere. He went through his calculations again.
5. She saw that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a blank cheque.
6. The government once tried to tax people according to the size of their houses. They put a tax on windows.
7. They announced the new plan (yesterday). They admitted that it was the worst economic settlement they had ever had.
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8. I spelled a word to an English-speaking person on the phone. I used the official Post Office alphabetical code.
9. They hoped to shape a common course of action. They tried to do their best.
10. The government announced to refrain from using force against other countries. It supposed that it was the best political decision.
Exercise 2
Model: The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building.
Having removed all traces of his crime the criminal left the building.
1. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask for a job.
2. They found the money. They began quarrelling about how to divide it.
3. He returned from a business trip. He felt exhausted by his work.
4. The President was persuaded by the Senate. The President agreed to sign the law.
5. I failed the exam twice. I agreed that I was not at subject.
6. They met for a session. They decided to publish resolutions.
7. He was warned about the final decision. He prepared the monthly statements of affairs.
8. The Prime Minister studied the proposal. He invited the businessman to visit the USA as his guest.
9. Member nations pledged to settle disputes peacefully. They held an official meeting.
10. Two our countries meet annually for a session. We agreed about it before.
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