After reading the texts, make up a chronological table of Britain's early invasions.
From the history of England
1. Practise using the verb tenses.
Read the text and fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
THE CELTS
Between the sixth and third century B. C., the British Isles______________(1) (to invade) by
Celtic tribes who______________ (2) (to settle) in Southern England. They originally
______________(3) (to come) from central Europe. Their culture______________(4) (to go) back to about 1,200 В. С. Between 500 to 250, they_______(5) (to be) the most powerful people north of the Alps. Originally they_______ (6) (to be) pagan, with priests known as Druids. They later____________(7) (to convert) to Christianity. It was Celtic missionaries who (8) (to spread) the Christian religion through Scotland and northern England.
The Celts ____________(9) (to be known) as excellent artists for their wonderful jewellery,
decorated crosses and illuminated manuscripts.
Read the text and fill in the words from the box.
| a) built b) were built c) became | d) invaded e) was f) had to | g) capital h) had i) were destroyed | j) stopped k) was built |
THE ROMANS
In AD 43, the Romans __________(1) southern Britain. It_________(2) a Roman colony called Britannia. The Romans set up their___________ (3)in London _________ and_______________(4) major cities in Bath, Chester and York. The cities _________ (5) beautiful buildings, squares and public baths. Fine villas _________________(6) for Celtic aristocrats who accepted Roman rule.
The Roman invasion_________________(7) not completely peaceful. In AD 60, three cities, including London,______________(8) by one of the British tribes. And the Romans _______ (9) stop it brutally.
The tribes of Scotland also never ______________(10) fighting against the Romans. In
AD 122, a long wall to defend the border between England and Scotland__________(11) by Emperor Hadrian.
Read the text and choose the correct form of the verb (А, В, С) from the table below.
THE SAXONS, THE JUTES AND THE ANGLES
From about AD 350, Germanic tribes_________________(1) invading south-east England. The tribes _________ (2) from what is now northern Germany, Holland and Denmark. The first to come
______(3)the Saxons, joined later by the Jutes and the Angles. The Angles_____ _ (4) England its name. Britain____________________(5) the protection of only a few Roman legions. The native people _______________(6) not stop the new enemy, known as the Anglo-Saxons. The Celts_____ ___________(7) north and west taking their ancient arts and languages with them. Celtic languages have_________________(8) from most of Europe, but are still_________________(9) in parts of Walls, Ireland and Scotland. The Anglo-Saxons in southern England were (10) _______ to Christianity. As Christianity spread, churches and monasteries (11)_______ all over England.
|
|
|
| A | В | C | |
| 1) | begin | began | begun |
| 2) | come | coming | came |
| 3) | are | were | have been |
| 4) | gave | give | were giving |
| 5) | have | has | had |
| 6) | can | could | must |
| 7) | went | gone | go |
| 8) | disappear | disappearing | disappeared |
| 9) | speak | spoke | spoken |
| 10) | convert | converted | converting |
| 11) | built | had built | were built |
Read the text and choose the most appropriate verb (a, b).
THE VIKINGS
About AD 790, the Vikings 1) (a. start / b. started) to invade England. The Norsemen, who 2) (a. went / b. came) from Norway, mainly settled in Scotland and Ireland. The north and east of England were 3) (a. settled / b. settling) by the Danes. The Vikings were excellent traders and navigators. They 4) (a. bought / b. traded) in silk and furs as far as Russia. In 1016, England
5) (a. become / b. became) a part of the Scandinavian empire, under King Knut. In 1066, England 6) (a. was / b. had) again facing invasion from the north and the south. In September, King Harold II marched north to 7) (a. defeat / b. defend) his half-brother, the king of Norway. Just three weeks later, he himself was 8) (a. defeated / b. defeating) and killed at Hastings by another invader of Viking origin, William, Duke of Normandy, from northern France. He was 9) (a. crowned / b. crowns) King William I in London on Christmas Day, 1066.
2. Work in pairs.
STUDENT A
You and your partner have got some
information about the Norman Conquest
in your cards, but you do not have the
same information. Ask and answer
|
|
|
questions to complete the sentences.
The Duke of Normandy, known as
William the Conqueror, now became
________(what?), establishing a
new Anglo-Norman state. England
became a strong country under
military rule. Castles appeared_____
(where?) to enforce Norman rule.
England has never been invaded since
1066. William was ________ (what kind?):
he destroyed many villages to make
sure the English
people did not rebel._______(whose?)
power was absolute and the language
of new rulers, Norman-French, has had a
lasting effect on English.
STUDENT В
You and your partner have got some
information about the Norman Conquest
in your cards, but you do not have the
same information. Ask and answer
questions to complete the sentences.
_________ (who?) now became King of
England, establishing a new Anglo-
Norman state. England became_______
(what?). Castles appeared all over
England to enforce Norman rule.
__________ (has...?) been invaded since
1066.
William was a harsh ruler: he destroyed
many villages __________ (what for?).
The Normans' power was absolute and
the language of new rulers, Norman-
French, has had a lasting effect on English.
3. Check comprehension.
Answer the questions.
a) Was Britain invaded by many different peoples in early times?
b) Where did Britain's invaders came from?
c) How did each invasion change Britain?
d) Has your country ever been invaded? When? How did it influence its development?
After reading the texts, make up a chronological table of Britain's early invasions.
4.Read the text and put the verbs in the correct tense form.
FROM THE HISTORY OF LONDON
London is where the invading Romans first — (1) (to cross) the River Thames. They (2) (to build) a city a square mile in size, (3) (to surround) it with a wall and (4) (to call) it Londinium. This original site of London (5) (to call) now the City of London and is Britain's main financial centre.
The City is only a very small part of London. In the eleventh century, London (6) (to begin) to expand beyond the City walls, when King Edward the Confessor (7) (to build) a huge abbey at Westminster. Even today, Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, as well as all the shops, cafes, theatres and cinemas of the West End, (8) (to be) in the City of Westminster and not in the City of London.
|
|
|
5. Practice using "used to...".
Littletown High School is having a school reunion for its ex-students.
Can you match the ex-students to the facts about their lives when they were younger?
Peter (dentist)
Karen (businesswoman)
Steven (policeman)
Nicolas (comedian)
There are three facts for each student.
A. He used to brush his teeth five times a day.
B. She used to get 100% in her mathematics and economics tests.
C. The teachers didn't like him because he used to copy the way they spoke and tell jokes in their classes (apart from physics classes).
D. He used to be good at biology and physics (but especially biology).
E. He used to have a punk hairstyle but now it's not possible with his hair.
F. She used to sell the answers to homework.
G. She used to be in love with Peter until he wouldn't buy her a book called "How to Be a Millionaire for Christmas 1976". Now she thinks that he is boring.
H. He used to dislike wearing school uniform, but now he has to wear a uniform for his job. He didn't like doing his homework. He used to prefer reading joke books all night.
J. When he arrived home from school, he used to take off his school uniform and put on something more "radical".
K. He couldn't pass the physics exam because he didn't know any of the answers — he used to sleep in the classes.
L. He used to be in love with Karen until they had an argument because he wanted to buy her
the book "Love Story for Christmas 1976".
At the reunion, the ex-students and Mr Sparks, the physics teacher, are going to sit together at dinner. Decide which you think is the best seating arrangement.
Mr Sparks — Peter — Karen — Steven — Nicholas
Peter — Nicholas — Mr Sparks — Karen — Steven
|
|
|
Karen — Steven — Nicholas — Peter — Mr Sparks
THE ORIGIN OF TOWNS
The origins of towns and cities differ according to race and circumstances, but it is possible to find some common features.
When the Romans came to Britain, they found it a land of forest and swamp. In order to move their troops about rapidly, they built roads. Camps for soldiers were constructed at road junctions. These sites of Old Roman camps became centres of trade and today still exist as towns or cities.
Roman influence is always evident in names of towns ending with -caster, -Chester, because "castrum" in Latin denoted a fort, and "castra" — a camp. The Romans were fond of warm water baths, and the city of Bath owes its origin to the possession of a naturally warmed spring.
When the Romans had departed (in 410 В. С.) the English swept over the country and destroyed almost all the civilization, which Rome had established. The Anglo-Saxons disliked living in towns. They lived in small agricultural villages and in houses mainly built of wood.
When the English became Christians, abbeys were built in different parts of the country. Later, they became centers of trade, and towns grew up around them.
Then, the English had to fight the Danes. Under Alfred the Great and his successors, each county of England was ordered to fortify one place as a centre against attack.
Around the large medieval estates, many towns began to develop. The Normans built castles inside old boroughs. Round other Norman castles towns appeared. Ports were established, too, on the South Coast.
Дата добавления: 2019-11-25; просмотров: 327; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!