MARINA RASKOVA: UNFORGETTABLE TALENTED HERO, AN EXAMPLE OF FEMALE EMANCIPATION
Rossi Marina
Professor of the Institution of the History of the Resistance, a member of the War History Society of Italy
marin.r ossi@email.it
38 Salita di Gretta, 34136, Trieste, Italy
Abstract. The article highlights details of a glorious biography of a well-known female pilot, the Hero of the Soviet Union, Marina Mikhailovna Raskova. The author tells about enormous popularity of the theme of female aviation in Italy, about many responses on the book and TV programme about Marina Raskova from historical magazines and people who are interested in history of aviation, antifascists, civilian and combat pilots.
Key words: female pilots, female air regiments, Marina Raskova, risky missions, veterans.
Mhofme mctouhmkm, b tom umcne ghebhmkm amepmkahckofo mocna b Mockbe
¶woseØa E. ¶ebmca 1, mobectbydt o6 shtysmasme, yapmbmem b mepmog bhymm- tenahofo pocta mpomsbogctba b Cobetckom Codse b 30-e fogɵ, o boogymebnehmm, c kotopɵm bhocmnm cbou bknag b moctpoehme hobofo o6yectba mepbɵe mokone-
1 Joseph E. Davis, Missione a Mosca, Mondadori, Milano, 1946
hme cobetckmx ndgeu bmecte c mhofoumcnehhɵmm go6pobonayamm, bɵxogyamm ms 3amaghou Ebpomɵ m Coegmhehhɵx Htatob. Bepa b mpofpecc, b 6ygyyee ctanm mctouhmkamm fpawgahckou mmccmm mmnnmohob monogɵx ndgeu, ctpemmbmmx- ce bocmonasobatace bmepbɵe mpegoctabnehhou hmsmmm cocnobmem bosmowho- ctad monyumta o6pasobahme, mpoØeccmohanahyd peanmsaymd m omɵt. Ocoshata mfhobehhɵu otbet ha mpmsɵb Mapmhɵ Packobou b okte6pe 1941 foga mowho, tonako 6ygyum shakomɵm c motpecadyeu fnabou, kotopyd mepbɵmm bmmcanm co- betckme wehymhɵ b mctopmd mmpobou abmaymm b cepegmhe 30-x fogob. Mpmmep tofo – mhofofpahhae nmuhocta Packobou, bɵhywgehhou cgenata bɵ6op ms tpex mpoØeccmu, b kotopɵx oha ogmhakobo 6ɵna ogapeha: mysɵka, xmmme m abmayme, ctpacta k monety, ctabmae cmɵcnom ee wmshm 2. Mom mhofonethme mccnegoba- hme, cbesahhɵe c pycckmm Øpohtom, ganm mhe bosmowhocta hemocpegctbehho moo6yatace c hekotopɵmm bɵgadymmmce betepahamm 46-fo fbapgeuckofo monka m 586-fo mctpe6mtenahofo monka; o 587-m e yshana b ochobhom ms abto6mofpa- Ømm samectmtene komahgydyefo Fehepanahofo Hta6a Katm Mmfyhobou, m sto bgoxhobmno mehe ha hobyd fnaby mctopmm, mocbeyehhou ha stot pas wehymham. Hmehho Kate Mmfyhoba, 6nmwaumae mogpyfa Mapmhɵ, pacckasana o mpmtefa- tenahoctm ee nmuhoctm. ¶ne netumy-go6pobonayeb Mapmha ctana mpmmepom bo bcex othomehmex: ee mhtennektyanahae ctpofocta, heo6xogmmae gne tofo, uto6ɵ 6necteye cmpabnetace c boehhɵmm sagauamm, fapmohmuho couetanaca c xygo- wectbehhɵm temmepamehtom m ebhou yegpou wehctbehhoctad. Takoe pegkoe couetahme mosboneno eu ycmemho bɵmonheta camɵe pmckobahhɵe sagahme, c ynɵ6kou ha fy6ax ynawmbata nd6ɵe kohØnmktɵ. Kak mmmet Mmfyhoba: «Paymo- hanahɵu mopegok, mpmcyymu eu, mpoebnence b pa6ote, kotopyd oha bɵmonhena b Fehepanahom mta6e, ympabnee camonetom, b yue6e. Oha ygenena 6onamoe bhm- mahme cboemy bhemhemy bmgy m tomy, kak oha hocmna Øopmy, kotopae oueha mna ee ctpouhou Ømfype, he cnmmkom bɵcokou m xopomo cnowehhou, ee kpacmbomy nmyy, o6pamnehhomy fyctɵmm, uephɵmm, ctpofo mpmuecahhɵmm bonocamm… Kofga Mapmha ynɵ6anaca mnm cmeenaca, b heu cmeenoca bce: ee cbetnɵe fnasa, ee cbepkadyme sy6ɵ»3.
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Mo mnaham komahgobahme, uto6ɵ mmeta bosmowhocta yuactbobata b 6oex ha Øpohte, abmafpymma 122 gonwha 6ɵna mpoutm sa heckonako meceyeb mogfotobky mo mhofmm mpegmetam, kotopyd b mmphoe bpeme cnymatenm stofo yue6hofo sa- begehme ogonebanm sa tpm foga. Mostomy temmɵ o6yuehme 6ɵnm oueha tewenɵ- mm gne gebymek: 12–13 uacob b geha gne moctemehho pactyyeu boehhou mogfo- tobkm, gne msyuehme hayuhɵx mpegmetob, kpome tofo, heo6xogmmo he sa6ɵbata o6 mctopmm m mapkcmctckou mgeonofmm.
«3ahetme b knacce 6onee 11 uacob eweghebho, bknduae as6yky Mopse m mog- fotobky k 6od; beuepom hago 6ɵno fotobmta sagahme ha sabtpa. B hobom mogpas-
genehmm gmcymmnmha 6ɵna ctpowaumeu. Hhctpyktopɵ cmotpenm ha hac c wano- ctad, hasɵbae hac «batanaohom cmeptm»»4.
Oghako bgoxhobehme m Øahtasme cymenm mpo6mtace ckbosa ofpomhoe hampe- wehme m ctpagahme. ¶ebymkm coumhenm mechm, cmemhɵe ctmxm, moctemehho cos- gabanaca faseta fpymmɵ. B pegkme uacɵ otgɵxa komahgmpy ygabanoca bɵpbata gne camou ce6e bpeme momfpata ha Øoptemmaho, ctahyebata hapoghɵu pycckmu tahey. Mywumhɵ, cnymatenm mkonɵ, he bepmnm b boehhɵe cmoco6hoctm konnef- wehymh, bmge, kak te co6mpadt ybetɵ bokpyf bsnethou monocɵ. 7 hoe6pe, kofga Ctanmh mpoumtan cboe btopoe o6payehme k hapogy, a yfposa hag ctonmyeu bce 6oname cfyyanaca, hobo6pahyɵ mpmhecnm mpmcefy. B peum, c kotopou mauop Packoba o6patmnaca k cboemy Øopmmpobahmd, moguepkmbanaca mctopmueckae mpeemctbehhocta yuactme wehymh b boehhɵx geuctbmex b pashɵe mctopmue- ckme mepmogɵ:
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«Hctopme shaet o6 otgenahɵx wehymhax, yuactbobabmmx b 6oex: Hagewga
¶ypoba yuactbobana b Oteuectbehhou bouhe 1812 foga, mepeogebmmca b Øopmy fycapckofo monka; b tou we bouhe mpocnabmnaca cbommm mogbmfamm Bacmnmca Kowmha; mɵ shaem Xahhy g’Apk m gpyfmx nefehgaphɵx wehymh… Mhofme wehymhɵ yuactbobanm b fpawgahckou bouhe, ho sto 6ɵnm egmhmuhɵe cnyuam, kofga ohm cpawanmca cpegm mywumh» 5.
Mo cnobam komahgmpa, pona cobetckou wehymhɵ cobepmehho mhae, tak kak bmepbɵe b mctopmm cobetckae Kohctmtyyme o6ecmeumna pabehctbo mpab m o6e- sahhocteu mywumh m wehymh. B tot momeht gonf kawgofo 6ɵn – saymyata Po- gmhy, kotopae mogbepfnaca hamagehmd.
B mpegoctabnehhoe mhe kopotkoe bpeme e he cymed pacckasata o6o bcem ee 6oebom mytm, a takwe o tpafmueckou fm6enm b he6e Ctanmhfpaga. Æ ofpahmuyca pacckasom o hekotopɵx momehtax, uto6ɵ mokasata, kakmm o6pasom e cama mo- mana mog o6aehme stou wehymhɵ, ee tanahtob, heo6ɵkhobehhɵx cmoco6hocteu. Ebfehmd Xanged, c kotopɵm e pa6otana hag gokymehtanahɵm Ømnamom mo cyehapmd Vm6epto Actm, e o6esaha shakomctbom c fepomhemm wehckou abmaymm, takmmm kak Hage Momoba, Hpmha Ce6poba, Hatama Meknmh m mhofmmm gpyfmmm, y kotopɵx mhe yganoca bseta mhtepbad b kohye 90-x fogob. Cama tema 6ɵna sameuatenaha, m e pemmna hammcata o6 stom khmfy. Tema, ha kotopyd hmkto he mmcan b Htanmm. Tam mmpoko msbectha Banehtmha Tepemkoba, oghako hmkto he cnɵman o tpex wehckmx monkax. Moe khmfa bɵmna ocehad 2003 foga, m e mepe- gana ee sksemmnepɵ bcem cbomm fepomhem. Moe mofpywehme b mmp Poccmm, nd- 6oba, kotopyd e mcmɵtɵbad k heu, k ygmbmtenahou uenobeuhoctm ee wmteneu, mosbonmnm mhe yctahobmta temnɵe othomehme co mhofmmm betepahamm Kpac- hou Apmmm, 6ɵbmmmm gne hac, ebpomeuyeb, kofga-to bpafamm. bnafogape moeu khmfe, bɵmegmeu b msgatenactbe Vhmkomnm (Unicopli – Focygapctbehhɵu Vhm- bepcmtet Mmnaha), moebmnmca tenemepegaum, hampmmep, «Fpahmyɵ», kyga bomnm
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2 Marina Rossi, Le streghe della note. Storia e testimonianze dell’ aviazione femminile in URSS
1941-1945, Unicopli, Milano, 2003, p.10
3 E. Mmfyhoba, Mpogonwehme mogbmfa, 3hak Moueta, Mockba
4 Hpmha Pako6onackae, Moka ctyumt cepgye. B kh. M.Rossi «Le streghe della notte» 5 E.Mmfyhoba, Mpogonwehme mogbmfa, ctp.2 71
mhtepbad hekotopɵx mockobckmx netumy. Moe khmfa bɵsbana ofpomhɵu mhte- pec, wmbou shtysmasm, m mmehho oha cpegm ogmhhagyatm go cefoghemhefo ghe omy6nmkobahhɵx mhod khmf ham6onee momynepha, bega c 2003 foga ndgm mo ceu geha mhe mmmyt m mpocet ee mpmcnata. Kto ohm, stm mom umtatenm? udgm bcex bospactob, b tom umcne monogɵe, tak kak fepomhm ee – wehymhɵ, b bɵcmeu cte- mehm smahcmmmpobahhɵe. 3to ybneuehhɵe nd6mtenm cmoptmbhɵx monetob, ah- tmØammctɵ, ndgm, ybnekadymece mctopmeu abmaymm, boehhɵe m fpawgahckme netumkm. Æ gawe monyumna otsɵbɵ ms cmeymanahɵx wyphanob, cpegm kotopɵx
– Hctopmueckmu Otgen Htanaehckou Apmmm; ms faset takmx, kak «Koppaepe gena cepa», ms monmtmueckofo wyphana («Le monde diplomatique»), ms faset cebepo- boctoka Htanmm, fge e goctatouho msbectha, a takwe ms mctopmueckmx pycckmx wyphanob, ms faset Cnobehmm m Xopbatmm, a kpome tofo, b pesynatate mhofoumc- nehhɵx mpesehtaymu: b Akagemmm abmaymm bpauaho, b mysee abmaymm b Pmmmhm, b Pabehhe, b mhctmtytax, fge fotobet mmnotob, k mpmmepy, Hhctmtyt Manmhaehm
f. Vgmhe; b fopogax, fge mmedtce aspomoptɵ gne cmoptmbhɵx monetob (Fopmyme), b hekotopɵx yhmbepcmtetax (Mmnaha, Beheymm, Tpmecta, Mynɵ), b ahtmØammct- ckmx o6yectbax Htanmm m Cnobehmm; m hakohey, 6onamae mpesehtayme, opfa- hmsobahhae b pefmohe Beheto, b kotopou mpmhen yuactme boehhɵu attame poc- cmuckofo moconactba b Pmme m mhofotmpawhɵu wyphan «Mahopama». Ofpomhoe mopanahoe ygobnetbopehme m moutm hmkakofo matepmanahofo… bygem 6opotace, kak yumnm hac hamm fepomhm, hamm maptmsahɵ, uto6ɵ saymtmta yehhoctm, 6na- fogape kotopɵm sto mokonehme cymeno bɵctoeta, hecmotpe ha weptbɵ; ot mmehm bcex sto sameuatenaho bɵpasmna Hage Momoba:
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«Teweno bhoba fobopmta o bouhe, tak we, kak m oueha cnowho gne hac cho- cmta 6oneshehhɵe mepemehɵ mocneghmx net… Mɵ 6oponmca, uto6ɵ Pogmha 6ɵna cbo6oghou; mywectbo m cmna, kotopɵe mɵ gonwhɵ 6ɵnm haxogmta b ce6e, uto6ɵ compotmbnetace, he gonwhɵ 6ɵta sa6ɵtɵ. 3ameuatenaho – saymyata mameta, mepegabata ee monogɵm. Moka wmba mctopmueckae mameta, 6yget wmba Ctpaha» 6.
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C BOEHHONflEHHªME B CTAflEHFPA¶CKOM
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5amecmumena tabe6yα4eso om6enom Myteu «Mamema» Mytee-tanobe6nuea «Cmanunspa6ceae 6umba» o.fir st@mail.ru
yn. um. Mapnana Yyueoba, 47, 400005, s. Bonsospa6, Poccuuceae Øe6epaçue
Ahhotayme. B ctatae paccmatpmbadtce ochobhɵe mpmhymmɵ kynatypho- bocmmtatenahou, monmtmueckou m mgeonofmueckou pa6otɵ c hemeykmmm boehho- mnehhɵmm ha teppmtopmm Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm b 1943–1949 ff. Xapaktepm- sydtce ochobhɵe stamɵ pasbmtme bocmmtatenahou pa6otɵ c boehhomnehhɵmm, ee yenm, sagaum, a takwe owmgaemɵe pesynatatɵ. Ommcɵbadtce ham6onee pac- mpoctpahehhɵe metogɵ, mpmemɵ m Øopmɵ kynatypho-bocmmtatenahou pa6otɵ, mpobogmmou b nafepex gne boehhomnehhɵx b Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm.
Knduebɵe cnoba: Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba, boehhomnehhɵe, nafepa, bocmmta- tenahae pa6ota, ahtmØammctɵ.
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