KEEPERS OF SECRETS. CHRONICLE OF THE STATE COURIER SERVICE OF STALINGRAD REGION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
Mokina Natalya Nikolaevna
Senior lecturer of chair of methods of teaching the History of the Federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education
«Moscow State University of Education» mokinann@mail.ru
1 Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, building 1, Moscow, 119435, Russian Federation
Abstract. This article is devoted to the development and activities of the State Courier Service of the Stalingrad Region during the Great Patriotic War. On the base of archival materials the author reveals the challenges, which were faced with during courier routs service. The ways of providing the state machine with the uninterrupted communication in war conditions are shown.
Key words: Great Patriotic War, People Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the State Courier Service, Stalingrad Region, government correspondence.
O6ecmeuehme oxpahɵ focygapctbehhɵx cekpetob bo bce bpemeha 6ɵno mepboctemehhou sagaueu opfahob bnactm nd6ou ctpahɵ. Hsgabha gne mepe- gaum ms oghmx pyk b gpyfme kohØmgehymanahou mhØopmaymm, kotopyd hena- se mepecnata gpyfmmm cpegctbamm cbesm, mcmonasydt cmeymanahɵe opfahɵ. B ycnobmex Benmkou Oteuectbehhou bouhɵ stm bawhɵe monhomoume mcmonhena Øenagaefepckae cbesa. B gahhou ctatae ha ochobe ahanmsa gokymehtob Focy- gapctbehhofo apxmba Poccmuckou 8egepaymm kpatko paccmatpmbaetce pasbm- tme otgena Øenagaefepckou cnyw6ɵ Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm b 1941–1945 ff.
K hauany boehhɵx geuctbmu mtat otgena Øenagaefepckou cnyw6ɵ Cta- nmhfpagckou o6nactm coctabnen 19 uenobek, 6onammhctbo ms kotopɵx gabho tpygmnmca b mecthom otgene Øenagcbesm m xopomo shanm bce yuactkm pa6o- tɵ. ¶o 4 mdne 1941 f. Øenagaefepe eweghebho o6cnywmbanm mhofopoghmu weneshogopowhɵu mapmpyt Ctanmhfpag-Mockba. Mocne otmehɵ moesgob mpemofo coo6yehme mo mapmpyty Øenagaefepe ctanm cobmectho co cbesm- ctamm Poctobckou o6nactm o6cnywmbata mapmpyt Ctanmhfpag-Poctob. ¶ne mepeboskm cekpethou koppecmohgehymm mo mapmpyty Øenagaefepem mpmxo- gmnoca chauana goeswata co ctahymm umxae, otkyga mocne 2,5 uaca owmga- hme ohm hampabnenmca b Poctob. Mpm cnegobahmm ms Poctoba mepmog owm- gahme moesga go Ctanmhfpaga ha ctahymm umxae ybenmumbance go 6 uacob. Kpome tofo, b coctabe moesga, kypcmpydyefo ot Ctanmhfpaga go ctahymm umxae, he 6ɵno mefkmx bafohob m msonmpobahhɵx kyme b wectkmx bafohax, mostomy Øenagaefepem mpmxogmnoca cnegobata b o6ymx bafohax 1. Bce sto he tonako cosgabano heygo6ctba gne Øenagaefepeu, ho m hapymano mopegok mepeboskm koppecmohgehymm.
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¶nmtenahɵu cpok mpoxowgehme koppecmohgehymm mo mapmpyty Ctanmh- fpag-Poctob cosgaban gomonhmtenahɵe tpyghoctm b pa6ote otgena. B cmny stofo mecthɵe opfahɵ ympabnehme 6ɵnm bɵhywgehɵ paspa6otata m ytbep- gmta hobɵu cmoco6 goctabkm mpabmtenactbehhɵx otmpabnehmu: c 6 abfycta 1941 f. Øenagaefepe ctanm o6cnywmbata mapmpyt Ctanmhfpag-Bopohew m o6mehmbatace koppecmohgehymeu c poctobckmmm Øenagaefepemm ha ctah- ymm umxae.
Coctab moesga Ctanmhfpag-Bopohew takwe he otbeuan tpe6obahmem gne mepeboskm Øenagaefepeu, mm mpmxogmnoca cnegobata b o6ymx bafohax. Kpo- me tofo, ha otpeske mewgy ctahymeu umxae m Bopohewem maccawmpckme mo- esga heoghokpatho mogbepfanmca 6om6apgmpobkam. Tak, 12 okte6pe 1941 f., moesg, cnegobabmmu ms Bopohewa b Poctob, c uetɵpame mecthɵmm Øenagae- fepemm – 8ponobɵm, ¶pohobɵm, Æpobɵm, Pofowmhɵm, bocemad Øenagaefe- pemm ms Xapakoba m CmmØepomone, gbyme ms T6mnmcm mogbepfce 6om6apgm- pobke. B pesynatate 6om6apgmpobkm moesga ogmh t6mnmcckmu Øenagaefepa 6ɵn y6mt, a gpyfou paheh, uacta mepebosmmou mmm koppecmohgehymm cfope-
na. Mpabmtenactbehhɵe otmpabnehme b agpec ctanmhfpagckmx bnacteu yga- noca coxpahmta monhoctad.
B stot we geha mogbepfce 6om6apgmpobke moesg, cnegobabmmu ms Poctoba b Bopohew. umma mo cuactnmbou cnyuauhoctm hm ogmh Øenagaefepa, haxogmbmmu- ce b moesge, he moctpagan. fto kacaetce otmpabnehmu, to b pesynatate boshmkmefo mowapa, cfopena koppecmohgehyme, mcxogeyae ms Ctanmhfpaga m Poctoba.
Moxowmu cnyuau mpomsomen 14 okte6pe 1941 f.: mog ctahymeu umckm 6om- 6apgmpobke co ctopohɵ Øammctkou abmaymm mogbepfce moesg, b kotopom cne- gobanm omɵthɵe Øenagaefepe – Vcob m 8mpcob. bnafogape mx cnawehhɵm geu- ctbmem bcd mepebosmmyd koppecmohgehymd yganoca coxpahmta.
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O6ctahobka boehhofo bpemehm tpe6obana bhecehme msmehehmu b cxemy gbm- wehme weneshogopowhofo tpahcmopta. Tak, 6ɵnm otmehehɵ moesga, cnegydyme mo mapmpyty Poctob-Mockba-Poctob, b cbesm stmm mpmoctahobmnoca o6cnywm- bahme Øenagaefepckofo mapmpyta Ctanmhfpag-Bopohew. 8enagaefepe ctanm mepebosmta koppecmohgehymd mo mapmpyty Ctanmhfpag-Capatob ha mapoxogax. Otgenahyd Øenagcbesa mo stomy mapmpyty ocyyectbnenm uepes Bnagmmmpob- ky chauana abtotpahcmoptom, satem weneshogopowhɵm coo6yehmem. B smmhme mepmogɵ bɵesgɵ mo stomy mapmpyty mpomsbogmnmca hepefynepho ms-sa chew- hɵx sahocob. Takwe ocyyectbnenaca cbesa c Kabkasom m Cpegheasmatckmmm pe- cmy6nmkamm uepes ctahymm Kpachogap, Tmxopeykae, Kabkasckae. B stm myhktɵ koppecmohgehymd sauactyd goctabnenm c bomhckmmm cahmtaphɵmm moesgamm m mhofga ha camonetax. A c 27 hoe6pe 1941 f., mocne otkpɵtme pefynephofo we- neshogopowhofo gbmwehme, cbesɵbadyefo Ctanmhfpag c Kabkasom, koppecmoh- gehymd goctabnenm moesgamm. Kpome tofo, otgenehme Øenagcbesm mpomsbogmno o6meh koppecmohgehymeu c Øenagaefepemm, kypcmpydymmm mo mapmpyty Ca- patob-baky.
Otcytctbme mpemofo coo6yehme mewgy Ctanmhfpagom m Poctobom cokpaya- no ckopocta mpoxowgehme mpabmtenactbehhɵx otmpabnehmu, uto mofno mobnmeta ha yctahobnehhɵe cpokm goctabkm otmpabnehmu. fto6ɵ yckopmta mpogbmwehme koppecmohgehymm, ha mectax 6ɵno mpmheto pemehme o bhegpehmm Øenagaefep- ckofo mapmpyta Ctanmhfpag-Poctob c mepecagkou ha ctahymm Canack. Oghako gnmtenahɵe mepmogɵ owmgahme moesgob ha mepecagouhom myhkte ycnowhe- nm mpoyecc goctabkm koppecmohgehymm: Øenagaefepem mpmxogmnoca owmgata cboefo moesga go 20 uacob, a mopou cnegobata c tobaphɵmm moesgamm. B yenom o6cnywmbahme mapmpyta Ctanmhfpag-Poctob mpomsbogmnoca c 3 ehbape 1942 f. ogmh pas b gba ghe 2.
Vwe b hauane 1942 f., 6nafogape ycmnmem ha mectax, Ctanmhfpagckmu otgen Øenagcbesm opfahmsoban m ctan gomonhmtenaho o6cnywmbata o6mehhɵu myhkt Øenagcbesm b f. Actpaxahm. 3tot myhkt he mmen b o6cnywmbahmm co6ctbeh- hɵx mapmpytob, a nmma mpomsbogmn o6meh c kypcmpydymmm Øenagaefepemm mo mapmpyty Kyu6ɵmeb-baky.
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1 Focygapctbehhɵu apxmb Poccmuckou 8egepaymm (ganee – FAP8) 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 16. u.
178 o6.-179. 2 FAP8 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 27. u. 126-127.
Takmm o6pasom, b 1942 f. konmuectbo Øenagaefepckmx mapmpytob Cta- nmhfpagckou o6nactm bospocno, b to bpeme kak mtat nmuhofo coctaba he 6ɵn ykommnektobah monhoctad, cpeghefogobou hekommnekt coctabnen 4 uenobe- ka ms-sa mepeboga pa6othmkob ha pa6oty b gpyfme otgenɵ. Mpm stom shaum- tenaho ycnowhence mpoyecc goctabkm koppecmohgehymm: hepefynephoe kyp- cmpobahme moesgob mpmbogmno k ckomnehmem koppecmohgehymm, ms-sa uefo Øenagaefepem uacto mpmxogmnoca hampabnetace camonetamm b Actpaxaha, a takwe Kyu6ɵmeb m Capatob 3.
Monhoctad nmkbmgmpobata kagpobɵu geØmymt otgeny Øenagaefepckou cbesm Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm yganoca k hauany 1943 f. B pesynatate umc- nehhɵe mokasatenm mtata ctanm coctabneta 23 uenobeka, kotopɵe b teuehme mepbofo meceya o6cnywmbanm mapmpyt Kamɵmmh-uehmhck, a co 2 Øebpane mo 15 mapta 1943 f. – Kamɵmmh-Ctanmhfpag. ¶octabky koppecmohgehymm uacto mpmxogmnoca ocyyectbneta ha momythɵx mammhax. 3to 6ɵno cbesaho c otcytctbmem heo6xogmmofo konmuectba fopduefo gne gonwhofo o6ecmeue- hme pa6otɵ co6ctbehhofo abtotpahcmopta.
15 ehbape 1943 f. b pefmohe yctahobneho pefynephoe coo6yehme Kamɵ- mmh-Mockba c uactotou o6cnywmbahme ogmh pas b tpm ghe. Mpabmtenactbeh- hyd koppecmohgehymd goctabnenm ha tobapo-maccawmpckmx, tobaphɵx m cahmtaphɵx moesgax c mepecagkamm ha ctahymex banamobo, Ptmyebo, Mm- uypmhck. 3to coo6yehme geuctbobano bmnota go 10 mapta 1943 f., moka efo o6cnywmbahme he mpekpatmnoca b cbesm c opfahmsaymeu mapmpyta Ctanmh- fpag-Mockba.
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Kak cbmgetenactbydt apxmbhɵe gokymehtɵ, Øenagaefepckmu mapmpyt Ctanmhfpag-Mockba yganoca opfahmsobata c 5 mapta 1943 f. b cbesm c mepe- esgom Vmpabnehme HKB¶ b Ctanmhfpag. Mapmpyt o6cnywmbance ogmh pas b tpm ghe weneshogopowhɵm tpahcmoptom c mepecagkamm ha ctahymex 8mno- hobo m Mmuypmhck. A c 1 ampene 1943 f. o6cnywmbahme mapmpyta mpoms- bogmnoca c tobapo-maccawmpckmm moesgom c mepecagkou ha maccawmpckmu moesg ha ctahymm Mmuypmhck. Mocne boso6hobnehme gbmwehme pefynephɵx moesgob ¼ 47/48, 93/94, otgen Øenagcbesm Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm ctan mecta pas b hegend goctabneta mpabmtenactbehhyd koppecmohgehymd ms Mockbɵ m o6patho. Kpome tofo, mocne yctahobnehme mpemofo weneshogo- powhofo coo6yehme T6mnmcm-Mockba-T6mnmcm moebmnaca bosmowhocta mpomsbogmta o6meh koppecmohgehymeu c Øenagaefepemm Fpysmhckou CCP.
K kohyy 1943 f. monhoctad otmana heo6xogmmocta b o6cnywmbahmm mapmpyta Mockba-Ctanmhfpag ctanmhfpagckmmm Øenagaefepemm. Tak, c 25 hoe6pe 1943 f. bce koppecmohgehyme goctabnenaca Øenagaefepemm Fpysmh-
c 21 mdhe 1944 f. mocne bhecehme msmehehmu b pacmmcahme gbmwehme t6m- nmcckofo moesga 5. Haumhae c stofo momehta, bmnota go okohuahme bouhɵ, Øenagaefepe Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm o6cnywmbanm ogmh mhofopoghmu mapmpyt: go 23 hoe6pe – eweghebho, a c 23 hoe6pe – uepes geha 6.
B yenom mpomsbogctbehhae geetenahocta mecthofo otgena Øenagcbesm b 1944–1945 ff. mpotekana b tpyghɵx ycnobmex. Cepaeshɵu paspɵb mewgy peanahɵmm motpe6hoctemm b o6cnywmbahmm mpabmtenactbehhou cbesad m matepmanaho-6ɵtobou 6asou otgena Øenagaefepckou cbesm Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm samegnenm pa6oty otgena. Vwe b hauane 1944 f. gawe tpahcmopthɵe mpegmpmetme pefmoha 6ɵnm he b coctoehmm bɵgeneta tpahcmopthɵe cpeg- ctba otgeny Øenagcbesm. Mostomy cnowmnaca mapagokcanahae cmtyayme, kofga goctabky mpabmtenactbehhou koppecmohgehymm mo fopogckmm mapm- pytam ocyyectbnenm memmm mopegkom 7. Otmetmm, uto cmtyayme c mpego- ctabnehmem abtotpahcmopta gne goctabkm mpabmtenactbehhou koppecmoh- gehymm mo Ctanmhfpagckou o6nactm msmehmnaca k nyumemy nmma b 1946 f.8 Mogboge hekotopɵe mtofm, cnegyet otmetmta, uto pa6ota b opfahax Øena- gaefepckou cbesm b 1941–1945 ff. 6ɵna he tonako oueha tpyghou, ho m kpau- he omachou. 8enagaefepe uacto momaganm b sohy 6oebɵx geuctbmu, mofm6a- nm mnm monyuanm cepaeshɵe pahehme. Hecmotpe ha bce tpyghoctm boehhofo
bpemehm, bnactm 6ɵnm o6ecmeuehɵ omepatmbhou cbesad.
ckou CCP, eweghebho kypcmpydymmm c moesgom T6mnmcm-Mockba-T6mnm-
cm4. B begehmm Øenagaefepeu pefmoha ykasahhɵu mapmpyt bhoba okasance
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3 FAP8 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 36. u. 32 o6.-33.
4 FAP8 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 45. u. 54-54 o6.
5 FAP8 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 54. u. 125.
6 FAP8 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 64. u. 156-157.
7 FAP8 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 54. u. 124; 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 64. u. 154.
8 FAP8 8. P-9411. Om. 1. ¶. 74. u. 59.
V¶K 327.51
bbK 63.3(2)62e43
CCCP E 5ANA¶HªE COŒ5HEKE B NEPEO¶ CTAflEHFPA¶CKOM bETBª: AKTVAfl@HªE ACNEKTª B5AEMOOTHOHEHEM
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nayunau 6upeemop Poccuuceoso boenno-ucmopuueceoso o64ecmba myagk ov@mail.ru
Mempobepusceuu nepeynoe, 4, cmp. 1, 101000, s. Moceba, Poccuuceae Øe6epaçue Ahhotayme. Abtop ctatam paccmatpmbaet to, kak b mepmog Ctanmhfpagckou 6mtbɵ cknagɵbanmca othomehme CCCP c codshmkamm mo ahtmfmtnepobckou ko- anmymm, a ee xog okasɵban bnmehme ha pemehme bompoca o6 otkpɵtmm btopofo Øpohta m ochob mocneboehhofo mepeyctpouctba mmpa. Moguepkmbaetce, uto sa- maghɵe codshmkm bocmonasobanmca weptbehhou 6opa6ou cobetckofo hapoga sa cbod hesabmcmmocta m sa cbo6ogy gpyfmx ctpah. ¶euctbehhoe yuactme CHA b bouhe mpotmb haymctckou Fepmahmm, kofga mepenom b heu 6ɵn ywe goctmfhyt Kpachou Apmmeu, 6ɵno «mpmemnemɵm» b mnahe boehhɵx motepa m gonwho 6ɵno o6ecmeumta bnmehme samaghɵx codshmkob b knduebɵx pauohax Ebpomeuckofo
kohtmhehta.
Knduebɵe cnoba: Benmkae Oteuectbehhae bouha, Ctanmhfpagckae 6mtba, otkpɵtme btopofo Øpohta, mewgyhapoghɵe othomehme.
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