Тема “ Semantic Syntax . Pragmatic aspects of syntax” / Part 1
Цель: рассмотреть понятия semantics, seme, denotatum, proposition, names, predicates, actants, valency, рассмотреть теорию речевых актов, сформировать навыки идентификации предикативной нагрузки предложения, сформировать навыки анализа речевых актов в диалогах.
Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить основные понятия semantics , seme , denotatum , proposition , names , predicates , actants , valency, уметь идентифицировать предикативную нагрузку предложения, анализировать речевые акты в диалогах.
Формируемые компетенции: ОПК–3.
Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках осваиваются основные понятия семантики предложения, основные принципы грамматической категории числа, а также формируются навыки идентификации коммуникативных типов предложения.
Теоретическая часть
In the 50s of the 20th century there was a linguistic process which was called “semantic explosion”, i.e. linguists turn to the meaning of language units which had been investigated only from formal positions. It was the time when componential analysis appeared, introducing the notion “seme” (semantic feature, semantic factor, semantic component) and trying to describe the meaning of great number of words through the combination of limited number of semes (For example, the word bachelor has the set of 4 semantic features: 1) human being, 2) male, 3) adult, 4) unmarried).
Under proposition we understand the typicalized mental reflection of onthological situation, its mental correlate. The ability of a man to form proposition is based on the ability to categorize the apprehended and cognizable world, to divide it into separate classes, to generalize the infinite diversity of its fragments into finite and observable number of types. Coming across a great variety of different situations, a man understands that in the end all of them can be united on the basis of dominating feature into several groups. For example:
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Someone performs the action upon somebody/something. (The boy hit the ball. The woman picked up a flower. The man threw his hat away). Though all these sentences indicate different denotational situations, they’ll come up the same proposition.
From the point of view of semantic of the syntax the whole lexicon can be subdivided into two groups of words – names and predicates. Under names we understand not only nouns and pronouns also partially or wholly substantivized parts of speech the main feature of which is the ability to correlate with actants on a propositional level and with participants on the onthological level. Names denote things (in a wide sense) or essences involved into real or imagery situations.
Predicate is the part of lexicon which is used to denote relations (in wide sense) between things. We can relate propositions, conjunctions, adjectives and, of course, verbs. A special status of verbs is given to them by such feature as valency. Under valency we mean the ability of the verb to combine with several names. The number of names is not random, but is given by the semantics of the verb. For example, the verb to drop can have two names, the first of which usually denotes a doer of the action which is expressed by the verb and the second a certain object being an object of the action. Mary dropped a dog.
Вопросы , выносимые на обсуждение
Points for discussion:
1. What is meant under “semantic explosion” of the 20th century?
2. What do we mean under nominative function of the sentence?
3. Give the definition of proposition and determine its essential characteristics.
4. Analyze the functional meaning of proposition in the light of the theory of modeling.
5. What is meant under the name of propositional semantics?
6.Enumerate basic semantico-syntactical theory, give their evaluation.
7.What theories sewed the basis for pragmalinguistics?
8.What is locution, illocutive power and perlocutive effect of the text?
9.What is the essence of the theory of speech acts?
Задания
Exercises:
Exercise 1. Define the predicative load of the sentences.
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MODEL: You needn’t have asked him.
The syntactic predicative load of this sentence is 2, as it renders two strong syntactic oppositional meanings: those of the modal subject – object relation (need) and negation. The morphological load is presented by the perfect (have asked).
1. It might have been a model of the Holy Grail.
2. How should I know?
3. Why didn’t you murder him?
4. You’re not going to die.
5. Don’t let me find you here when I come back!
6. She had began to cry.
Exercise 2. Built up the constructional paradigm based on the two primary sentences.
MODEL: He was annoyed. His sister was at home.
1) As his sister was at home, he was annoyed.
2) His sister was at home, so he was annoyed.
3) He was annoyed because his sister was at home.
4) He was annoyed at his sister’s being at home.
5) He was annoyed at his sister’s presence at home.
6) His sister’s presence at home annoyed him.
7) His annoyance was caused by his sister’s being at home, etc.
1. He stayed a bit longer. Mike enjoyed it.
2. I have a grandmother in New York. I must take care of her.
3. She saw them. They were entering the office.
Рекомендуемая литература
Основная литература:
1. Худяков, А. А. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка : [учеб. пособие для студ. филол. фак-тов и фак-тов иностранных языков вузов] / Худяков Андрей Александрович. - 3-е изд., стер. - М. : Академия , 2012. - 255 с. - (Высшее профессиональное образование). - Библиогр.: с. 219-224. - Терминол. указ.: с. 245-250. - На обл.: Языкознание. - ISBN 978-5-7695-6145-0 : 391-60.
2. Bloch M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. - M., 2000. – p.6-26.
3. Блох М.Я. Теоретические основы грамматики – М., Высшая школа 2010.
Дополнительная литература:
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1. Арутюнова Н.Д. Предложение и его смысл: логико-семантические проблемы. – М., 2000.
2. Бархударов Л.С. Структура простого предложения современного английского языка. - М., 1982.
Интернет-ресурсы:
1. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms глоссарий, содержащий более 900 лингвистических терминов с перекрестными ссылками и списком источников (SIL International). Ред. Е. Е. Loos, S.Anderson. D.H.Day Jr., P.C.Jourdan, J.D.Wingate
2. https://www.thoughtco.com/theoretical-grammar-1692541 информационный обучающий ресурс, посвящённый вопросам теоретической грамматики
Практическая работа №15
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