A. Answer the following questions.
1. What is engineering?
2. What are the proper Russian equivalents for “engineering”?
3. What are the main branches of engineering?
4. Civil engineering is the oldest of the main branches of engineering, isn’t it?
5. Who do civil engineers cooperate with to design and erect all types of buildings?
6. What does the work of civil engineers include?
7. What is water-supply engineering?
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8. 
Does this discipline have a complex character? What is it deter- mined by?
9. What facilities do water supply systems include?
10. What is a water supply system?
11. What does a water supply system include?
12. What general technical and specialized disciplines is the study of the course in water-supply engineering based on?
13. What is sewage disposal?
B. Choose the right variant according to the text.
1. Water-supply engineering is … .
a. a complex of complicated engineering tasks connected with design, construction and operation of water supply systems
b. a complex of activities concerned with the supply of water to its various consumers
с. a complex of sanitary activities intended for the collection and treatment of sewage
d. a complex of engineering structures and facilities intended for the collection and treatment of wastewater
2. Water supply systems include various facilities providing …. .
(several answers possible)
a. acquisition of water from a variety of natural water sources
b. treatment of water
c. design, construction and operation of water supply systems
d. delivery of water to water consumers
3. The study of the course in water-supply engineering is based on the knowledge of the following general technical and specialized dis- ciplines: … . (several answers possible)
a. hydrology, hydrogeology (groundwater hydrology), hydrotechnics (hydraulic engineering) and drilling technology
b. water treatment technology
с. water chemistry, hydrobiology and hydraulics
d. building disciplines
4. Sewage disposal [waste disposal] is a complex of sanitary activities as well as a complex of engineering structures and facilities intended for … . (several answers possible)
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a. water treatment and purification
b. wastewater collection
c. disposal of wastewater outside the city limits or industrial enter- prises, its delivery to wastewater treatment plants and its treatment
d. sewage sanitation and disinfection
Read the following text and speak on every type of municipal wa- ter consumption.
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Text С. Municipal Water Consumption and Its Types
“Water has become a highly precious resource. There are some places where a barrel of water
costs more than a barrel of oil.” LLOYD AXWORTHY, Foreign Minister of Canada
In designing any water supply system specialists determine the re- quired quantity and quality of water supplied. For solving this problem it is necessary to take into account all the potential water consumers and find out their requirements for the quantity and quality of the water de- livered.
Water is used by various consumers and is required for a wide variety of purposes.
Water consumption (also called “water requirement / water demand
/ water use”) is the use of water delivered to satisfy particular needs of a community. Water consumption is characterized by several types (cate- gories) of demands, including domestic, public, commercial, and indus- trial uses.
Domestic water demand includes water for drinking, cooking, wash- ing up dishes, cleaning, laundering (washing), bathing, car washing, yard and garden watering, carrying away wastes, and other household func- tions.
Public water demand includes water for fire protection, street clean- ing, and use in schools, hospitals and other public buildings.
Commercial and industrial water demands include water for shops, warehouses, offices, hotels, laundries, restaurants, and most manufactur-
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ing plants, for various technological purposes in industry, power engi- neering, transport, etc.
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Pict. 4. Types of Water Use
There is usually a wide variation in total water demand among differ- ent communities. This variation depends on population, geographic loca- tion, climate, the extent of local commercial and industrial activity, and the cost of water.
Water use or demand is expressed numerically by average daily con- sumption per capita (per person). For example, in the United States the average demand is approximately 100 gallons* (380 litres) per capita per day for domestic and public needs. Overall, the average total demand is about 180 gallons per capita per day, when commercial and industrial water uses are included. (These figures do not include withdrawals from freshwater sources for such purposes as crop irrigation or cooling opera- tions at electric power generation facilities.) Water consumption in some developing countries may average as little as 4 gallons per capita per day; the world average is estimated to be approximately 16 gallons per person per day.
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In any community, water demand varies on a seasonal, daily, and hourly basis. On a hot summer day, for example, it is not unusual for total water consumption to be as much as 200 percent of the average de- mand. Water consumption also varies hourly throughout the day. The peak demands in residential areas usually occur in the morning as well as early evening hours (just before and after the normal workday). Water demands in commercial and industrial districts, though, are usually uni- form during the working day. Minimum water demands typically occur in the very early morning and predawn hours when very few people use water.
Civil and environmental engineers must carefully study each commu- nity's water use patterns in order to design efficient pumping and distri- bution systems.
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*a gallon is a unit of volume for liquid and dry measure; US equiva-
lent to 3.79 litres; UK equivalent to 4.55 litres
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