Answer the following questions:
1.Why is crude oil very useful in the form it comes in out of the ground?
2. What is the oil refinery?
3. Where does the oil refining process start?
4. What is the first step of the oil refining?
Choose the right statement
1. a) The various components of crude oil have same sizes, weights and boiling temperatures.
b) The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures.
c) The various components of refined oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures.
d) The various atoms of crude oil have same sizes, weights and boiling temperatures.
2. a) Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation.
b) Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called vacuum distillation.
c) Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called catalytic reforming.
d) Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called isomerization.
3. a) The substance with the lowest boiling point are separated in the column;
b) The substance with the highest boiling point will condense at the lowest point in the column;
c) The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column;
d) The substance with the highest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column;
4.a) There is a temperature difference across the column (cool at the bottom, hot at the top).
b) There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top).
c) There is a pressure difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top).
d) There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the top, cool at the bottom).
4 Make up 5 types of questions to these sentences:
1. The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column.
2. The first step is to separate these components .
ВАРИАНТ 4
Read and translate the text
Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The lighter products - liquid petroleum gases (LPG), naphtha, and so-called "straight run" gasoline - are recovered at the lowest temperatures. Middle distillates - jet fuel, kerosene, distillates (such as home heating oil and diesel fuel) - come next. Finally, the heaviest products (residuum or residual fuel oil) are recovered, sometimes at temperatures over 1000 degrees F.
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Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline; however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. Rather than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline; this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.
Newer techniques use chemical processing on some of the fractions to make others, in a process called conversion. Chemical processing, for example, can break longer chains into shorter ones. This allows a refinery to turn diesel fuel into gasoline depending on the demand for gasoline.
Refineries must treat the fractions to remove impurities. Refineries combine the various fractions (processed, unprocessed) into mixtures to make desired products. For example, different mixtures of chains can create gasolines with different octane ratings.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the fractional distillation used for?
2. What products are recovered at the lowest temperatures?
3. What products are recovered at temperatures over 1000 degrees F?
4. Why must refineries treat the fractions?
Choose the right statement
1.a) Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with the same boiling points.
b) Desalting is useful for separating a mixture of substances with differences in boiling points.
c) Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with differences in boiling points.
d) Fractional distillation is used to mix substances with differences in boiling points.
2. a) The lighter products - liquid petroleum gases (LPG), naphtha, and so-called "straight run" gasoline - are recovered at the highest temperatures.
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b) The lighter products - liquid petroleum gases (LPG), naphtha, and so-called "straight run" gasoline - are recovered at the lowest temperatures.
c) The heaviest products - liquid petroleum gases (LPG), naphtha, and so-called "straight run" gasoline - are recovered at the lowest temperatures.
d) The heaviest products – jet fuel, kerosene, distillates - are recovered at the lowest temperatures.
3.a) Refineries must treat the fractions to remove impurities.
b) Refineries musn't treat the fractions to remove impurities.
c) Refineries must treat the fractions to add impurities.
d) Refineries must treat the fractions to reduce the temperature.
4.a) Naphtha is one of the major products made by oil companies.
b) Gasoline is one of the least important products made by oil companies.
c) Gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies.
d) Kerosene is one of the major products made by oil companies.
4 Make up 5 types of questions to these sentences:
1. Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances.
2. Refineries must treat the fractions to remove impurities.
ВАРИАНТ 5
Read and translate the text
Petroleum products
Oil is used for many different things. Oil is the liquid fossil fuel that is extracted from the ground. Roughly 1/3 of the world's primary energy comes from this primary fuel. After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to a refinery where different parts of the crude oil separated into useable petroleum products. Gas is used for cooking and heating, petrol (gasoline) is used for fuel for cars, naphtha is used for making other products. Diesel is used for fuel for cars, lorries and trains. Lubricating oil is used for making machine parts move easily. Bitumen/asphalt is used for making roads. Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high energy density. The refinery produces different kinds of fuel.
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Because oil is the main liquid component of petroleum, it is referred to as a petrochemical.
Petrol also called gasoline, is the product with the greatest demand. It comes from naphthene. However, scientists can turn heavier crude into gasoline by breaking longer molecules down in a cracking unit. The fuel we put in our cars is blend of different gasolines and additives.
Petrol is a liquid fuel for vehicles on land and sea. It ignites easily in engines. It remains liquid at normal temperatures.
Jet fuel is a liquid fuel for aircraft and rockets. It remains liquid at very low temperatures.
The refinery also produces other chemicals. Plastics, also called polymers, these are usually light and strong and do not rust. They can be made into different shapes. There are two types. Thermoplastics: When you heat thermoplastics, they melt and you can shape them. You can reheat them and melt them again and again. This means that you can recycle them. Water bottles are made of thermoplastics. Thermosets: You cannot re-melt thermosets. They are heat-resistant. Engine parts are sometimes made of thermosets.
Synthetic fibres are made from plastics. Nylon is one example. Synthetic fibres are often water-resistant and do not stretch or break when you pull them. They are used to make ropes. This is a heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant material. Oil and petrol cannot damage it. For this reason, it is often used to make fuel hoses.
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