Choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like, would love
…. and verbs of saying:
Agree, promise, refuse
They decided to start a business together.
Remember to turn the lights out.
Some verbs are followed by a direct object and the infinitive (see verbs followed by infinitive):
Advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn, expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like
She reminded me to turn the lights out.
He encouraged his friends to vote for him.
· After certain adjectives.
Sometimes the to-infinitive gives a reason for the adjective:
· disappointed
· glad
· sad
· happy
· anxious
· pleased
· surprised
· proud
· unhappy
We were happy to come to the end of our journey
Ann was surprised to see me
The infinitive can be used without the marker to.
The infinitive without the marker to is used after:
· the auxiliaries shall, should, will, would, may, might, do, did, can, could, must, needn’t.
He needn’t refuse.
· Some principal verbs like bid, watch, see, let, make, help and hear:
She bad him come.
Letme go.
They heard her sing.
We watched them play.
· after rather, better and had better
I would rather wait.
They had rather visit her.
You had better consult a doctor.
· after some prepositions like except, but, save and than
She can do everything but drive a car.
A child did nothing except cry.
GERUND
Forms and Use
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple Perfect | Writing Having written | Being written Having been written |
Simple Gerund denotes an action simultaneous with that of the predicate:
He avoided making the same mistake again.
Perfect Gerund denotes an action prior to that of the predicate (the action of the Gerund happened before the action of the verb):
He admitted having made the mistake.
In Modern English the Gerund is widely used along with the Infinitive: some verbs are followed by –ing forms (Gerunds), the others require a to-infinitive.
The most common verbs followed by a Gerund:
1. Verbs of thinking and saying (admit, consider, deny, discuss, forgive, mention, recall, remember, recollect, understand etc.)
They considered taking the officers on board.
2. Verbs of liking and disliking (like, love, enjoy, adore, dislike, hate, mind etc.)
I don't like using this term to describe this concept.
3. Other common verbs (to be learnt and remembered well): avoid, excuse, delay, include, keep, miss, postpone, practice, resist, risk etc.
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We risked losing the device.
4. Verbs denoting the progress of an action (begin, start, continue, go on, finish, stop etc.)
You will begin constructing the machine in a month.
5. Verbs – want, need, require – meaning «to be in need of, require, lack». After these verbs Gerunds are used in the active form, though the meaning is passive.
The screws need cleaning.
6. After the verbs COME and GO we use Gerunds related to (outdoor) activities:
To go dancing, fishing, skiing, shopping, sailing, walking…
The Gerund is used after PREPOSITIONS, such as:
They ran five miles without stopping.
After changing the remote control it wasn't functional any more.
Remember the following verbs taking certain prepositions:
Apologize for
Accuse of
Approve of
Blame smb. for
Forgive for
Congratulate on
Count on
Depend on
Hear of
Inform of
Insist on
Object to
Persist in
Prevent from
Result in
Stop from
Succeed in
Suspect smb. of
Thank for
Think of etc.
The team succeeded in creating a break-through model.
They insisted on examining the wires.
Remember the following nouns taking certain prepositions:
Art of
Chance of
Difficulty (in)
Experience in
Habit of
Harm of
Idea of
Importance of
Interest in
Opportunity of
Plan for
Point in/of
Preparation for
Process of
Purpose of
Reason for
Right of
Way of etc.
They have no experience in building these constructions.
What's the purpose of calculating the dimensions of the room?
Word combinations:
Be afraid of
Be aware of
Be busy
Be capable of
Be fond of
Be guilty for
Be proud of
Be responsible for
Be sorry for
Be sure of
Be worth
Be worried about etc.
He is busy measuring the distance.
She is so proud of having done everything in time!
Gerunds are also used after set expressions such as:
Can't stand
Can't help
It's no use
It's no good
What's the use of
There is no point in
Have difficulty in
Look forward to
Feel like etc.
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What's the use of combining the two types of materials?
We had no difficulty in locating the enemy.
P ARTICIPLES
Forms and Functions
| Active | Passive | |
| Present Participle (Participle 1) | asking | being asked |
| Past Participle (Participle 2) | asked | - |
| Parfect Participle | having asked | having been asked |
The Present Participle (Active and Passive) shows that the action named by the Participle takes place at the same time with that of the predicate. These forms denote simultaneous action in the present, past or future.
Does the sensor detect the bumper being pressed in?
They stayed in the cockpit controlling the flying drones.
In about two hours they will be arriving bringing good news.
The Past Participle has no tense distinctions, it only has one form which can express both an action simultaneous with and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. In most cases though it denotes priority or refers to no particular time.
The performed calculations played an important role in the project.
The performed calculations play an important role in the project.
The performed calculations will play an important role in the project.
The Perfect Participle (Active and Passive) shows that the action named by the Participle preceded that of the predicate. Its forms denote the priority to a present, past or future action.
Having finished all the preparations, they could set off.
Having finished the preparations, I can tell you what my goal is.
Having finished all the preparations, I'll find other things to do.
Participles have special forms to denote the Active and Passive Voice:
When collecting the samples, they made a mistake.
Being collected by experts, the samples were very important in the research.
Having collected the samples, they made a mistake.
Having been collected long ago, the samples were useless.
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