Дайте відповіді на запитання .

1. What is bacterium?

2. How many bacteria can be in one teaspoon of rich soil?

3. What do these microbes do?

4. What is the role of bacteria in nature?

5. How do bacteria clean up our environment?

6. What do some bacteria make?

7. What kinds of microorganisms can industries culture?

8. What do you know about enzymes?

VIRUSES

  Повторіть за диктором слова :

1.	acid n	['xsId]	кислота
2.	bacteriophage n	[bxk'tIqrIqfeIG]	бактеріофаг
3.	bite v	[baIt]	кусати, жалити
4.	cell n	[sel]	клітина
5.	coat n	[kqut]	оболонка, пліва
6.	contain v	[kqn'teIn]	містити (у собі)
7.	destroy v	[dIs'troI]	руйнувати
8.	DNA (desoxyribonucleic acid)	['dJ'en'eI]	ДНК (дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота)
9.	droplet n	['drOplIt]	крапля
10.	host n	[hqust]	живитель
11.	host cell	[`hqust `sel]	клітина-живитель (клітина, в якій по-селився вірус і живиться за її рахунок)
12.	infection n	[In'fekSn]	інфекція
13.	insect n	['Insqkt]	комаха
14.	intracellular a	["Intrq'seljulq]	внутрішньоклітинний
15.	invade v	[In'veId]	вторгатися, нападати, уражати (хворобою)
16.	leukosis n	['lHkqsIs]	лейкоз
17.	lipid n	['lIpId]	ліпід, ліпоїд
18.	medium n	['mJGqm]	середовище
19.	nonliving a	["nOn'lIvIN]	неживий
20.	nucleic a	['njHkleIk]	нуклеїновий
21.	poisonous a	['poIzqnqs]	отруйний, шкідливий
22.	poultry n	['pqultrI]	птиця (домашня)
23.	protein n	['prqutJn]	протеїн, білок
24.	replicate v	['replIkeIt]	відтворювати
25.	RNA (ribonucleic acid)	['R'en'eI]	РНК (рибонуклеїнова кислота)
26.	spread v	[spred]	поширюватись, розповсюджуватись
27.	toxin n	['tOksIn]	токсин, отрута
28.	virion n	['vaIrJ"a:n]	віріон (вірусна частка)
29.	virus n	['vaIqrqs]	вірус
30.	yellow fever n	['fJvq]	жовта лихоманка

Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою .

VIRUSES

A virus is any of various poisonous elements, smaller than bacteria, causing the spread of infectious diseases.

Viruses consist usually of a central part containing nucleic acid, surrounded by a coat of protein, or of protein and lipid. Nucleic acid is: desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) in viruses attacking animals; RNA in viruses attacking plants; usually DNA in bacteriophages.

Viruses replicate within the host’s cells forming new virions which invade further cells of the host. Viruses can only replicate intracellularly, so they can not be cultured in a nonliving medium.

The nucleic acid of the virus takes control of the nucleus in the host cell. During this process the cell may be destroyed or may produce toxins which cause the clinical disease. Examples of viruses are the virus causing leucosis in poultry or mice and the virus causing yellow fever.

Viruses can be spread either by droplet infection, personal contact or biting insects.

Дайте відповіді на запитання .

1. What is a virus?

2. What do viruses usually consist of?

3. What is nucleic acid?

4. How do viruses replicate?

5. Can viruses be cultured in nonliving medium?

6. What does the nucleic acid of the virus do in the host cell?

7. What are examples of viruses?

8. How can viruses be spread?
Вправи

I . Прочитайте словосполучення та перекладіть їх українською мовою.

Smallest form of plant life, living animals, dead animals and plants, rich soil, invisible master chemists, to convert matter into nutrients, toxic wastes, to digest our meals, to clean up our environment, to culture microorganisms, to produce pesticides, to secrete enzymes, water-dwelling bacteria, food-rich sediment, nucleic acid, to be surrounded by a coat of protein, to replicate within the host’s cells, to form new virions, nonliving medium, to take control of the nucleus, to cause the clinical disease, yellow fever, droplet infection, personal contact, biting insects.

II . Знайдіть визначення до слів.

1. bacteria	1. causative agents of disease in plants and animals
2. microbes	2. a mature, single virus; it attacks one cell of its host
3. viruses	3. a collection of unicellular micro-organisms with a primitive cellular structure
4. acid	4. invisible master chemists recycling leftovers of everything else
5. lipids	5. a virus that is a parasite on bacteria
6. vector	6. substance that contains hydrogen, which may be replaced by a metal to form a salt
7. virion	7. organic compounds consisting of fats and other similar substances
8. nucleus	8. substance, surroundings, in which something exists or through which something moves
9. bacteriophage	9. poisonous substance, especially one formed by bacteria in plants and animals and causing a particular disease
10. medium	10. an animal, as an insect, that transmits a disease-producing organism from one host to another
11.toxin	12. a central part, around which other parts are grouped

III . Яке слово зайве?

1. microbe, spoon, virion, bacteria, microorganism, pathogen.

2. beer, cheese, bread, wine, fish, ore, meat, butter.

3. host, nucleic acid, RNA, DNA.

4. leucosis, yellow fever, plant, brucellosis, anthrax, glanders, rabies, toxoplasmosis.

IV. Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними, використовуючи вирази “that’s right”, “that’s wrong”.

Зразок: Viruses can be spread by television. – That’s wrong. Viruses can’t be spread by television. Viruses can be spread either by droplet infection, personal contact or biting insects.

1. Viruses can be spread by television.

2. Yellow fever is caused by virus infection.

3. The nucleic acid of the virus takes control of the nucleus in the host’s cell.

4. Viruses can be cultured both in a nonliving and living medium.

5. One teaspoon full of rich soil is home to several bacteria.

6. Everything can live without bacteria.

7. Bacteria help us digest our meals.

8. Bacteria feed on toxic wastes, petroleum and sewage.

9. Rock particles are used in fermenting beer, cheeses, bread and other foods.

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