Вопросительные, союзные и относительные местоимения
Interrogative, Conjunctive and Relative Pronouns
К ним относятся местоимения who кто (объектный падеж – whom кого, кому), what что, какой, whose чей, which который. Сюда же относится относительное местоимение который.
Союзные местоимения who/whom, what, whose, which,that отличаются тем, что вводят придаточное дополнительное, предикативное и обстоятельственное предложение, соединяя его с главным.
Относительные местоимения who, whose, which,that вводят только придаточные определительные. Они относятся не ко всему предложению, а только к определенным словам в главном предложении.
Who translated this article? | Кто перевел эту статью? |
Whose research is that? | Чьё это исследование? |
Whom will you deliver your lecture to? | Кому вы прочитаете лекцию? |
What has happened? | Что случилось? |
What are the mineral resources of the country? | Каковы полезные ископаемые страны? |
What help will you give us? | Какую помощь вы нам окажете? |
Which of the articles interests you most? | Которая (какая) из статей интересует вас больше всего? |
The student who translated this article… | Студент, который перевел эту статью… |
The scientist whose research is mentioned… | Ученый, чьё исследование упоминается… |
The students to whom you will deliver your lecture… | Студенты, которым вы прочитаете лекцию… |
Nobody knows what has happened. | Никто не знает, что случилось. |
Experts did not know what the mineral resources of this country were. | Эксперты не знали, каковы полезные ископаемые этой страны. |
I will give you what help I can. | Я окажу вам ту помощь, какую только смогу оказать. |
The task which the students carried out… | Задание, которое выполнили студенты… |
He was the greatest scientist that the world has ever known. | Он был величайшим ученым, которого когда-либо знал мир. |
Обобщающие местоимения
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Universal Pronouns
All
Местоимение all весь, вся, всё, все употребляется с существительными в единственном и множественном числе в функции определения. Если при существительном есть определенный артикль или притяжательное местоимение, то all ставится перед артиклем или притяжательным местоимением.
All также употребляется без последующего существительного, и в этом случае выступает в функции подлежащего или именной части сказуемого:
All flowers need water. | Всем цветам нужна вода. |
All is well that ends well. | Всё хорошо, что хорошо кончается. |
That is all that she asked me. | Это всё, что она спросила у меня. |
Both
Местоимение both оба, и тот, и другой употребляется с существительными и местоимениями во множественном числе, как без артикля, так и с артиклем the, который ставится после него. Притяжательное или указательное местоимение также ставится после both. Местоимение both употребляется в функции определения, а также употребляется без последующего существительного, и в этом случае выступает в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого или дополнения:
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Both (the) sisters live in Minsk. | Обе сестры живут в Минске. |
Both my sons are married. | Оба мои сына женаты. |
Both these buildings were built after the war. | Оба эти здания были построены после войны. |
You have given me two examples; both are correct. | Вы дали мне два примера; оба правильные. |
Every, each
Местоимения every, each имеют значение каждый. Местоимение each употребляется по отношению к ограниченному числу лиц или предметов, а местоимение every употребляется по отношению к неограниченному числу лиц или предметов. Each может выступать в предложении в функции определения, подлежащего и дополнения, every может выполнять только функцию определения.
Every student is tested twice a year. | Каждый студент тестируется дважды в год. |
We greeted each guest. | Мы приветствовали каждого гостя. (Подчеркивается, что мы приветствовали их индивидуально.) |
We greeted every guest. | Мы приветствовали каждого гостя. (Имеется в виду, что мы приветствовали всех гостей.) |
Местоимение every может входить в сочетание с body, one, thing, образуя сложные местоимения everybody, everyone все, каждый, everything всё.
Everybody knows it. | Все знают это. |
Everything is hopeless. | Всё безнадёжно. |
Either, neither
Местоимение either имеет следующие значения:
1)один из двух, тот или другой, любой из двух:
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You may go by either road. | Вы можете ехать по той или другой дороге (по любой из двух). |
2)и тот и другой, оба, каждый из двух:
There was a huge fireplace at either end of the hall. | В том и другом (в каждом) конце зала был огромный камин. |
3)каждый, всякий, любой (из многих):
Take either pen (either of these pens). | Возьми любую ручку (любую из этих ручек). |
Местоимение neither ни тот, ни другой, никто является отрицательной формой местоимения either:
Neither of the examples is correct. | Ни тот, ни другой пример не является правильным |
Other, another
Местоимение other ( another) имеет значение другой, другие. Местоимение another имеет дополнительное значение иной (отличный от данного), еще один:
The building is on the other side of the road. | Здание находится на другой стороне дороги. |
Give me another example. | Дай мне еще один пример. |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. | Substitute pronouns for the italicized words in each sentence. |
Model: | The boy is reading the book. – He is reading it. |
1. | Mary is studying her lesson with John. |
2. | His friends always enjoy his jokes very much. |
3. | The man is moving the furniture into the other room. |
4. | Frank and I usually meet our friends at the corner. |
5. | The United States consists of fifty individual states. |
6. | The women are talking about the party. |
7. | Those people need the money as soon as possible. |
8. | Are the men speaking to Mr. Brown at this moment? |
9. | The waitress always washes the tables carefully. |
10. | The people don’t like the news very much. |
11. | The police protect the city day and night. |
12. | The policeman is giving a ticket to that woman. |
13. | All of the students enjoy basketball very much. |
Exercise 2 . | Supply the correct possessive pronouns in the following sentences. |
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Model: | They usually eat their lunch at the Ritz Cafeteria. |
1. | We always study ____ English lessons very carefully. |
2. | That girl always takes very good care of ____ clothes. |
3. | The children are playing with ____ toys right now. |
4. | I always put ____ pens and pencils in the second in the second drawer. |
5. | Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are sitting in ____ living room now. |
6. | You and I don’t spend ____ money very carefully. |
7. | Miss Davis is using ____ sister’s book today. |
8. | We write letters to ____ friends once or twice a month |
9. | Tom and Bill are walking home with ____ friends. |
10. | Mr. Brown seldom drives ____ car to ____ office. |
11. | You don’t do ____ English lessons very carefully. |
Exercise 3. | Substitute a possessive pronoun for the words in parentheses in each sentence. |
Model: | That book is (my book). - That book is mine. |
Those are (her pictures). - Those pictures are hers. |
1. | Is this your purse or (Miss Brown’s purse)? |
2. | Are those my shoes or (his shoes)? |
3. | Their house and (our house) are both on the same block. |
4. | That red car in front of (your car) is (my brother’s car). |
5. | Are these two books (your books) or (my books)? |
6. | All of these magazines are (his magazines). |
7. | Those cigarettes on the table are (my cigarettes). |
8. | Are all of these papers (your papers)? |
9. | That newspaper on the desk is (her newspaper). |
10. | That big white house on the corner is (their house) |
11. | Edward’s new suit and (my new suit) are very similar. |
Exercise 4. | Supply the correct reflexive pronouns in the following sentences. |
Model: | I will ask him myself. |
1. | Don’t hurt ____ Mike! |
2. | Don’t hurt ____, children! |
3. | He defended ____ bravely. |
4. | They told me the news ____. |
5. | She will answer the letter ____. |
6. | We’ll do it ____. |
7. | I looked at ____ in the mirror. |
Exercise 5. | State whether the self-pronoun is emphatic or reflexive. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. | The villagers built themselves new houses. |
2. | They build the houses themselves. |
3. | The man opened the door and found himself facing a stranger. |
4. | Would you mind keeping your opinion to yourself? |
5. | I heard it from a man who himself was present there. |
6. | He was in a still worse position than ourselves. |
7. | Go and see it for yourself. |
8. | You can trust him. He is honesty himself. |
9. | And then they left me to myself. |
10. | If one wants a thing done, one had best do it oneself. |
11. | He noticed that there was someone standing between himself and the door. |
Exercise 6. | State which of the pronouns in bold type are reciprocal. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. | They looked at one another in surprise. |
2. | We couldn’t hear each other’s words for the wind. |
3. | He smoked one cigarette after another. |
4. | Although they lived in the same street they rarely saw each other. |
5. | The new-comer shook hands with the host and nodded to every other in the room. |
Exercise 7. | Choose this or these. |
Model: | This is your briefcase. These are your books. |
1. | ____ questions are hard. |
2. | ____ seem very hard. |
3. | ____ seems very easy. |
4. | ____ lesson is simple. |
5. | ____ words are new. |
6. | ____ goes on ____ lines. |
Exercise 8. | Choose that or those. |
Model: | Is thatman here now? Are those students ready? |
1. | Are ____ your gloves? | |
2. | Does ____ seem difficult? | |
3. | Do ____ men speak English? | |
4. | Is ____ lesson very easy? | |
5. | Do ____ feel comfortable? | |
6. | Do ____ belong on ____ desk? | |
7. | Does ____ go in ____ drawers? |
Exercise 9. | Choose sentences where that, those substitute nouns. |
1. | Natural rubber is of higher quality than that produced artificially. | |
2. | These factors taken together ensure high production efficiency. | |
3. | The pictures painted by Rembrant and those painted by Rubens have very little in common. | |
4. | Those are the lorries carrying our brothers to the mines. | |
5. | There are no richer art museums in this country than these of St Petersburg. | |
6. | The electric power output in our country cannot compare to that of pre-revolutionary Russia. | |
7. | Consumption of bread and potatoes is decreasing steadily while that of sugar is increasing despite doctors’ recommendations | |
8. | The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones. | |
9. | These devices are more reliable than those designed in our laboratory. | |
10. | An important matter is that of raising the effectiveness of external economic relations | |
11. | For the last generation, Silicon Valley and Tokyo have been working to design computers that are ever easier to use. | |
12. | These control systems are more efficient than those described in that journal. | |
13. | A work generated by a computer may resemble that of a certain artist in both style and form. | |
14. | The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms. | |
15 | The robots became so intelligent that they revolted. |
Exercise 10. | .Substitute that or those for the repeated nouns. |
1. | The pictures painted by Rembrandt and the pictures painted by Rubens have very little in common. | |
2. | The language in plays is usually easier and more simple than the language in novels. | |
3. | The music of Queen of Spades is more dramatic than the music of Eugene Onegin. | |
4. | The stories written by O. Henry are as full of life as the stories written by Mark Twain. | |
5. | Natural rubber is of higher quality than rubber produced artificially. |
Exercise 11. | Underline the correct item. |
Model: | Give me some/any hot water, please. Have you bought some/any milk? |
1. | I hardly know somebody/anybody here. | |
2. | You can buy postcards at any/no post office. | |
3. | Among all the people who came to the party she cared for anybody/nobody. | |
4. | It was a great concert. Everybody/somebody enjoyed it. | |
5. | Have they got any/some objections to our proposal? | |
6. | Some/every day he will achieve great success. | |
7. | Somebody/everybody who went to Egypt spent a good time. | |
8. | Are you going anywhere/nowhere these summer holidays? | |
9. | I want to go somewhere/anywhere but I don’t have no/any money. |
Exercise 12. | Fill in anyone / anybody, any, anything, no one / nobody, something, some, someone / somebody. |
Model: | Are there any extra chairs in the other classroom? |
1. | The chairman didn’t get suggestions from ____ in the audience. | |
2. | I didn’t have ____ trouble with my report last night. | |
3. | Did you see ____in the hall outside the office? | |
4. | The secretary is speaking to ____ on the phone now. | |
5. | He didn’t say ____ to the boss about his plans. | |
6. | The girls didn’t buy ____ at the store today. | |
7. | ____ knows a thing about this except you and me. | |
8. | There’s ____ for you on the desk in your room. | |
9. | There will be ____ in the office before 9 a.m. | |
10. | The children are eating ____ ice-cream in the kitchen. |
Exercise 13. | Fill in much, many. |
Model: | That program has much advertising and many interruptions. |
1. | That work took ____time. It was ____trouble for us. | |
2. | You drank too ____ coffee and eat too ____ sandwiches last night. | |
3. | Frank receives ____ e-mails from his friends and relatives. | |
4. | You didn’t invite very ____ guests. | |
5. | The waitress put too ____ cream and sugar in my coffee. | |
6. | The students had ____ difficulties with the translation. | |
7. | The radio is very loud now. It is making ____ noise. | |
8. | He spoke too fast and used too ____ hard words for me. |
Exercise 14. | Fill in few, a few, little, a little. |
Model: | Would you like a little milk in your tea? And, please, have a few sweets, too. |
1. | I have ____ time, so let’s go for walk. | |
2. | I don’t think she is a good teacher, she has got ____ patience. | |
3. | ____ can afford to buy house abroad. | |
4. | ____ people can play golf perfectly. | |
5. | He went to ____ parties and enjoyed all of them. | |
6. | She made ____ corrections to my business plan. | |
7. | Did you have a chance to say ____ words to the boss before the meeting? | |
8. | His ideas are very complex, and ____ people can understand them. | |
9. | ____ knowledge is a dangerous thing. |
Exercise 15. | Analyze the pronoun in bold type and state whether they are conjunctive, relative or interrogative. |
1. | He turned from his work to see who was there. | |
2. | Nothing she had done that morning was worth the time that she had spent on it. | |
3. | Who could have thought that they would do it like that? | |
4. | My group mate whom I met two days ago was very upset. | |
5. | What time did she go off duty last night? | |
6. | The painting that has been bought is very expensive. | |
7. | Still it would be better to have some idea what he was going back to. | |
8. | I remember you mentioned Wednesday and Friday. Which day shall we make it then? | |
9. | The book which she gave me is very interesting. | |
10. | He felt like one whose dream has come true, but too late. |
Exercise 16. | Complete the following dialogues with suitable pronouns from the box. Memorize and play out them. |
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